we BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page. | Page. a 40 MARTH AS) Cseceen .s S 4 Rothrock a 54 PERE 5. ok es oe bee ee his y RULANDER UMPC T So ct hr eye 54 Marky ANN. Flow wer “ot PRISSOUNE.0. So 50% 54 MESBRASOIT Ooo coo Pes 65 E] PVAMERGROM oe cco ic cated 54 MAXATAWNEY® 3.2 000>5.555 65 WAMDOPNEON cic dis Oc eas oe Franklin 54 Melean.e ees enue s oute es 4 — eed » LEMMAS 5 RE eae ees beak See BY OCU Sree ea eee pee aes iggy R McN Be tee sich inares ¢ Sch til laa seeneiees te ke 35 Meads Seec ing 41:|) SCUPPERNONG® (00. oo. 08 iat Les 71 Mercere ice ek Se cuppernovg, guy bita. eee noe, 53. Bd MERRIMAG poet eye uce css ) SECRETARY "iti iociie does. Golden Clinton. - "BA Mianna | Segar "Bot. Sa Uish ae aw eeres Golden Concord 43 poe S) 's one eae ( Sineou any Se ee Grahsin b4 Ei OC ROEIRG 8 os oo ay a Se é enecd... Greencastle 65 Moc ee 42 | Sheppard s Delaware....... 35 ‘ : Moni pomery 202 Shary.. Malia Hybrids = Mount Let ees eee oe 6 Singlet Pius sews twat ee ee 4 ount Lebanon............. 6 Small German... occ ccccces ene PROLIFIC...... 54 -| Muench’s Seedlings 5 ee 6 Smart : indore? .. 2.20.5. ee See ta eee an tree ee ca S 0 ( See “s HERBEMONT# ooo ooo. 55 | Neff... | oe tit “Const sega Herbemont’s Madeira ..... A 5d Neil Grape. 55 St. Ca pebged — Hybrids... oo = elec Sue Lacl eat oe 67 St. repisiaontg live ware eleebes 5D Nerluton. 65 Ge ap 2 ene HERMANN sa" | ad AES R Enon ae ye 56—58 Newark. Hermann Seediing ee es 58 Newport 67 Sypemae B a sr eee : Hettie... A 56 Wibetttipe fe 60 tia HINE* 58 North America. ... 0.0.4... 7 Taylor’ s Ae Sr eae . a : — res Musca a ee oT (RCRGIDR os ee Sor. eee ee oe 6 NORTHERN MUSCADINE. 67 TELE AP NNR, Humboldt WW NORVOR Co can... S| tee aor aba ERE Reg Ne vo Norton’ s Virginia Reece puss 68 "FROMASy, ooh a re een ret Ie sf SROMIAB tee oelaw oon ahaa _ Hyde’s Eliza... 00. 59, 80 | OHIO. % Thurmond. ae S ms % : TOLMAN Imperial 59 Onondaga 69 a ee a ry a TRIUMPH. sacs hee IRVIN 59 Oporto 69 eo 9¢ ISABELLA 6 CPB E LOL 3 aoe PEO CCN Coes Se Meee ee ruree POR ARES Sco hes Paign’s dsobelte 60 Tuley si Wine Grape*. wes Ruins 49 Pav ied 70 1 Ith Re eats coe erie es 60 a Payne's diary 21100010007 60 UnLaND ie Seedling’. mee sh, a oe . 42 | Underhill reresee 0 aaiaae Ue a). eee TRC pyc ya otey eg ea et ak: Jack, Jaques or Jaquez....... 69 | Picea 60 th 108 V se caelat < weeks 37, MeAMAsOO 6c. Le 61 ae neti af U idee eee ee Katarka See ieee 5) / eg Fe re a ee Pawace’ 3 Od Halters While: 20 41 PUAN oe A ce 71 Vexaxco ONMM os Poseanas 67 : PE a en ae ee ee ae ney ae oR ea ; a ay Piso ew Galactic 71 san ey Rava oe SRO nO es ees ‘ 5 ses "4 * King Willian... |. 65 Raritan. ..............-+00-- bam Aer Gone WidiriGan WS. ee 61 WEBEOCCAS foyer Wap ee fone at nin Lid OMe vee eens sereereres K eee a ein tN oe Sead Lingip oo ee W oar Rw aoe eee Bs Red Muncy papel Neel CU Rage at 4 Ww Thite Cap vane Ot Rests aT | Ware : Dmbawana 2/2... Le? leah mee ree 71 | Whiteball WA Suet a eee 37 ickett’s Seedlings.......... 78 | weet iOAHINEE Ts 63 I se 5) PRET aE Osa Gh ea | WILDER, MUSCADINE*....... Lincotn.. 4g | eoano ee. ee VEINS oe ee deecs res | nape A : : Vilmin gton La hea wane cece 7 eile Ee ION ese 63 | ? gers Hy red No. te : o4 W ilmington Red... ” Ten . “ os os a is eae é hcadied oe re a é LOUISEANA.. 12020002200 Bie 2 ee | ee a ee / ‘ ee ‘ce 5 r pong Se een = ‘ es &é se Woodwar Wc cks Casoue evacuees 60 rs Ta | - ee : P W orden’s Seedling ) — 63 6é Pe 14 ei Worthington 42 MORORONEA oo 43 ° 66 “. 459. Wright’s Isabella ) MMe oe 6 | és ec Gg: ; Wyhe-s Hybrids... 00.25, 79, 80 Main Grape: 3.4). 43 “6 sé te WUBI oe ee eee ee, Memmosh Catawba.......__ 41 ‘ ‘6 ‘6 Be 25 Wyoming Red MONACO co 6 | oe ef sé 41 ee Yellow er 13 Marine’s Seedlings... 7... is ane ot) Bee | York Lisbo a Oe Sa ae o% by tee ; York Ma are co Ned ceecmees 80 Marion Por 80 | - <F KS BES, : Young etn: bipcewetiney 42,
FROM NATURI
ie “a Sa
{FOR
ELVIRA
«44
LA 4
THE BUSHE
iGO. Oy *
IBERG CATALOGUE,
mr a
of ada
a
y a
ILLUSTRATED
-ESCRIPRIVE & SPALLOGUE
OF
American Grape-vines,
WITH SRIF DIRECTIONS FOR THEBDIR CULTURE.
BY
BUSH & SON & MEISSNER,
Successors to
ISIDOR BUSH & scales fraPe Rowers,
And PROPRIETORS OF THE
Bughber'é Vineyards & Grape Nutgeries,
- BUSHBERG, JEFFERSON CO., MO.
oh :
et maar oN (nP
[COPYRIGHT SECURED.]
SAINT LOUIS: THE R. P. STUDLEY CO., PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND MANUFACTURING STATIONERS, 1875.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by BusH & SUN & waka Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo. in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
Co.
ARNO HhE-P> i
°
‘Se
son
Jetfier
GONTENTS.
I, MANUAL. paeaa SE Pace Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other vera affectirg th Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their fetes Why we must look to = indigenous species for suceess.... ....... 2... eee ek B08 Classitication of the trae Grape-vi of the United aad Poa Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., with our Viticultural ks, and a,table of Grape-seeds.... ..... ......... 4—12 ped Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of = aig aoe Acre.. 13, ER cy ea epee eee Gah cot ehe ele Gs spe eies vs. oe te lweeen Paes ck Miia ts s+ >, ca: LOTS piston: (Continued.) Heeling in; Manure a 1 re i ‘Trea reatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. ete a 19—20 7 ee i ; Tying 4 21 a or Summer Priiag Se eer. ae 21—23, Wint t Management 24
iiss ok oe ape - 5 Insects [njurious to the G Seleeoee nti eo 26 Gathering, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making. os 81
II, DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES,
The Standard | SMALL CAPITALS—(the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS); the Synonymous names in Ralics; Discarded 0 ola ecstacy = undissemina -d novelties, “A ordinary type.
Varieties marked by a . Pag Page. Page 3 3T CLINTON. aU RN SP ateat bee ce 42 ) 37 _ a ri ee ieee ge 60 spa peeecceoss 37 r Street Black. ... Degen 41 eee Ss eae 4 Clover Street Red. .....:... 42 ory CO SR ES Sys ra 42 SEA eae 43 ee nde 43 ST concons eee i 4 eves 38T Coxconb Giasstcas | Bes cc 43 3 te eeeeee oo 48 ONCORD Musca 44 ee 37 76 i 33. ¢ 44 ) 39 44 i a 43 vd ; oe 43 69 3 CREVRLING: eee Sees: 43 44 60 ON ee 45 36 7 CUNNINGHAiK$ Sues 45, 46 é 7 <li Sepa ee st 44 ae 70 cy. THIANA $ Skies a aoe oe 47 ; 36, 4 3 huawei Bee Pe eae ja Be dL Se en eGR 48 August ecu: ey eat >: ee 3 REF i, 49 AUTUCHON®... 2, kL eee Fzbe th eee oe 18, 80 oe : troi 48 Baker (Isabella)............. 60 40 steals Baldwin Lenoir 36 80 DEvEREUR 7 : S Balsiger’s No. 32............ = _ Diana Hamburg............ 48 P F ‘i Wary aT | i} ieee Le ; an oy rm DRACUT AMBER....... ota Be 37 43 EaRLy ¥Y ClAMPion 0.0 41, 7 37 4 Early Hudson........, sie Bie 51 33 76 Elizabeth. ...... ckvenee 5L 3 Oe ELSINBURGH. ‘ ‘OL .87—38 | 1 Elsinboro’ . ah oe ore 51 80. MLV 51 37 75 ity AE ee ee Rae Se ce 2 48 69 Bo See So aa oI: te ee 41 ira gece eee eS 52. pare ie aE NORM oe: ee ; 69 Clifton’s Constantia. -...... 33 tip fh ee & s&s
(Continued on third page of cover.
“omer aittinn. “Taye
Meee : t hae eee cee
__ ELVIRA FROM NATURE FOR THE BUSHBERG CATALOGUE,
TO OUR CUSTOMERS.
(FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.]
Our success in grape growing, and in the propa- gation of grape vines, has been _ Penner in fact, far beyond our expectations. In the very great competition even of rarer well ti and long established nurseries, this success is
produce for next season a stock, not excelled by any other establishment in the country in quality, and embracing almost every valuable variety.
edo not pretend to furnish “‘detter and cheaper vines than can be afforded by any other establish- ment.” We do not pretend that “money-making is secondary with us, ’”’ we leave this to others; all we do claim is, that we hope to merit a reasonable share of patronage, the continued confidence of our customers, and a fair profit.
Pag this connection, we cannot refrain from refer-
& with a certain pride to the voluntary assurances ol, satisfaction we received, some of which are — herewith. Desiring to return our thanks to
customers in an appropriate and tangible form,
eis fe eae to a desire often expressed by our corr ents, we concluded to ae them with a fine Wess and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein the characteristic and relative merits of our differ- ent varieties are clearly stated.
We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried to get up something better than a mere price list, something that will be interesting and useful to progressive grape culturists, and have not spared time, labor or money in preparing it.
It has become customary to prefix toa descrip-
tive Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief directions “i their cultivation, and we have been urged to do me.
We are aca however, that some short and very incomplete directions, ‘‘a few hints,” do more harm than good. They generally only confuse the tyro growing as a very easy mat- a, requiring no lar, rger outlay of capital, nor any more knowledge, skill, and labor than to produce a This we do not wish to do
Fuller, Husmann, Strong, and others, are not pur- chased by every grape grower, and that many of ese are somewhiat afraid of reading whole books. Moreover, considerable progress h made in pe culture since these books were written; their very authors, indefatigable horticulturists as they are, have by study and expe ed
write their works for new editions, and thus we came to the conclusion that a short manual, containing y te a ee ee +3 . Sa + } +3 enl=
ture, and,training of Grape-vines, and offered for less than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed ourselves of the writings of our friend and teacher, Husmann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, others, to whom due credit is given in 3; and while we lay little claim to
and profit to some, at least, of those into whose hands it may come.
‘(INTRODUCTION TO NEW EDITION—1875,]
Six years, embracing the most disastrous and the
the Phylloxera, has led toa new, & RADICAL study of the American Grape Vines
Our cei as grape growers. and propagators
eulture and propagation of small fruits &c., and devoted all the our grounds, all our means, cares and attention to Grape CULTURE ONLY AND
EXCLUSIVELY, for which we have unusual facilities, and a most favorable soil and location. This en
tageous to the public, and even to the leading nurseries of other branches of Horticulture, to deal with us, whose grape nursery business is mitted to be the first and most extensive of its kind in po United States of America.
Weo ur reputation to our determination to give entire satisfaction, and to deserve the en- tire eonfidence of our customers, furnishing none but good, healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and true to name, packed in the best manner, at as low prices as possible.
We have no seedlings ot our own, and impartially
recommend such varieties reste new or old, as beads e demand com vee
prai Ps, tive Catalogue sha the bitter disappointments which grape growers have so often : rienced. For the sake of com- n the interest of science, we have
scarded varieties and of many new ones
ted, and not propaga by us; thus
ding, we think, to the value of this catalogue (though as to its cost).
We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue
praise, and to mention the shortcomings even of
our best varieties; especially do we desire to warn
against the error of considering any variety fit for universal eultivation. To this e - a goth of the CLASSIFICATION of our gra) ual is Many tree will in be
Finally we beg to state that WE san NO acres to solicit orders for our Grape Vines.
desire to obtain plants from us will kin with their orders by mail, direct, or through re Nurseries or dealers who get them from us.
TESTIMONTALS.
We could et a long list of names * the ui Gis Grape-growers and Nurserymen, and of the prominent
orti cabana this country as
well established, that this would be unnecessary, an
well as in Europe, who fay: may confide ntly reer: but we flatter sath that our nam
ored us with their commands, and to whom we o widely known, and our reputation so a few
a s now we confine prelettia dis but
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF OUR CUSTOMERS.
[FROM OUR FIRST EDITION. ]
St. CHARLES, Mo., Nov. 9th, 1868. MEssks. Bush & Son Gentlemen :—Hundred Rogers No. 1 came duly to hand; also your favor of5thinst. The Se are fine. Cc. T. MALLINCKRODT.
LINGTON, Mo > 1869, THE vines I got of you yr fall were the best tr ever saw sent out froma ror i stout, healthy arise and ex- eellently well roote Cc. W. GILL.
Co OLLINSYILIE, ILLs. , NOV. 14, 1869. —The 180 Hart and an any grape plants I eden I have yet got grape GEO. A. MILLER. CENTRAL Leia ST. Lours Co., Mo , JuL The e plants purchased of your firm this spring. eo ph thowy
Ok eee t
sing > ie good oe ee to the pores of 3,000. age e ven isfac eee aa he mf nai all oe 1 to vigorous gro Bene ve promise of complete suc-
cess the grower CHAS. BRACHES.
“SPRINGFIELD NURSERY,” SPRINGFIELD, MO., APRIL 10 69. lemen :—1 et a tat nd planting the 4, 000 grape vines you sold _ oa va spin ma agen ge se late : a apg they ‘areived in the sata beak condisian. pang g patiofecting ite ee also, for the Bho lot are healthy, well rooted vin D. 8. HOLMAN.
» Mo., April 30, 1869. nt er ciate Ss came to han a abou have been all planted. They
railroad, and I feared
Dear Sirs:—The shipm th of the month and
to i ou ow price have wag ull lived o- 00) suc
grape growers ot the
JNO. DONIPHAN.
[FROM LAST SEASON, 1874.]
Busu & Son & MEISSNER: Your ee of ~—, _— nme safely to hand. = vines are all in best co: ¢ Mage aoe . LOUIS REICH, Sines kee df on
It gives me pleasure to say that everybody concerned was well oe with the ose! 8 of the plants, and all unite in the est that you send us the balance
ordered without d dela
. MINOR, Jz., Charlottesville. Va,
my expecta Seativaes decidedly the best vines sor the iien: Lever heat of. CO. W. RIDGELY, Baltimore, Md.
Genl. Lippincott received the 400 grape vines; he is very =5 ig with the plants . TELLES, Chandlersville, Cass Co., Ills.
The grape vines received in order. Lam much pleased with tpenk , I must say they are the finest lot of vines I haye ever rece ived
HUGH ARCHIBALD, West Salem, Mls.
The grape vines ordered trom you reached m first rate condition. They are of excelient quality, th the st lL have ever received. Allow m isfaction with the manner in which th the led. HARD T. ALLISON
stg wan; timore, Md. I liked the plants and how they compared in quali with plants from ‘ - of be sé N. x. PALMER, Broadhead, Wisc. The vines or this spring are splendid, and every _ one grow RRY C. CAMPBELL, Pensacola, Fla. Peter well pleased with the vines; you have my best S. DAVID ib, ZWEIVEL, Nillwood, Ils. The vines _— I had from you last spring all grew magnificently. M. WUTHRICH, Egg Harbor City, N. J. The vines came promptly to hand; Iam well pleased. They are finer ones _ I aes ot het r the price. COLLINS, Carrolton, La. The grape plants gave "good satisfaction, and arrived in splendid condition. Pa ot - BRUBAKER, Wachusa, Mis. I take pleasure to tell ae ma that Bo plants received from Tine last spring all loo!
wth. lam lishment to
Y trlends. R. BETZ, Lawrence, Kas.
The vines you sent me this fall are all first class in every ae t.—Send me your Renaiietive ox catalogue as soon as
out, JOHN MAUPIN, Mt. Sterling, Ky.
GRAPE’MANUAL.
CLIMATE, SOIL, AND ASPECTS.
Whether the Grape-vine is a native of Asia, and has followed the footsteps of man from the shores of the Caspian Sea, and “ intertwined its tendrils with civilization and refinement in every age,” or whether the hundreds of varie- ties that now exist spring from different pri- modial forms or species, certain it is that, al- though the Grape-vine may be found in Europe from the Tropic of Cancer to the Baltic Sea, and in America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of definite
climatic conditions; so much so that even in its
most adapted climate there are often seasons if not of actual failure, at least of an imperfect de-
arrived at some definite conclusions respecting the ee influences affecting the
Ist. ie matter how excellent the soil, if there is a less average than fifty-five degrees of tem- perature for the growing months of April, May and June, and a less average than sixty-five de-
cess; and where the temperature averages sixty- five degrees for the former months and seventy- five degrees for the latter, other conditions be- ing equal, fruit of the greatest excellence can
raised, and wine of the greatest body and finest excellence can be produced.
2d. When there is an average rain fall of six Lippincott: Climatol of American deneen ie’ Geom of Plants —U. Ss. Agr. nr oy 1862 and 1863.—Dr. J. Stayman: The Meteo’ ences affecting the Grape.
f
inches for the months of April, May and June, and an average of five inches for the months of July, August and September, other conditions _ favorable, we cannot succeed in raising grapes. When the average rainfall for the first months is not more than four inches, and the ave for the latter is not more than three inches, other conditions favorable, the hardy varieties can be cultivated with success. But where there is less average rainfall than five inches for April, May and June, and a less average than two inches in July, August and Septem- ber, all other conditions being favorable, fruit of the best quality can be raised, and wine of the greatest body and excellence can be made. The humidity of the atmosphere in some coun- tries, the dryness of the air in others, will, of course, materially change the proportion of
i required for or injurious to the grape. Here, a clear sky and d sphere, temperature and very little rainfall for the latter three months, and a less change of temperature than 50 degrees in twenty-four hours, any time of the year, are the most favorable conditions for success.
here are only a few countries where the
grape will,"in favorable seasons, gro per- fection, and there is no country in the world where all kinds of grapes would succeed. Spe- cies found in the lower latitudes will not flour- ish if removed further north; the natives of higher latitudes will not endure the southern
Virginia; the fox scarcely grow in the soa regions of Carolina and Georgia; a vine which produces delicious grapes in Missouri may become very inferior in
= most favored localities of New Hampshire. —
2 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Thus the climate, the mean temperature as well as the extremes, the length of the growing season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli-
de as well as the soil, BBYe an almost in- credible influence on vari of grapes; and a judicious choice of locations adapted to the grape, and of varieties adapted to our loca- tion, _ climate and soil, is therefore of the first importance.
ana this has been and is even now but insufficiently understood. Indigenous wild
mans first discovered this country ‘“ Hleif Eric-
son” called the land Wineland. As early as
1564 wine was made by the first colonists from the native grape in Florida.
made in America from native grapes, and men- tion of it is found—(the French settlers near Kaskaskia, Ill., made, in 1769, one hundred and ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild grapes) —‘‘but neither the quality of the wine nor the price obtained for it offered sufficient induce- ment to persevere.” — Buchanan.
The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was, therefore, considered the only true wine grape. A London Company sent, in 1630 French vigne- rons into the Virginia Colony to plant grape- vines which they had imported for the purpose; the poor vignerons were blamed for their fail- ure. In 1633 Wm. Penn tried to introduce and cultivate European varieties in Pennsylvania, in vain. In 1690 a Swiss Colony, grape growers from the Lake of Geneva, tried to raise grapes
make wine in Jessamine Co., Ky., but their hopes were soon frustrated, their labor and fund—$10,000, a large amount in those days— were lost; and only when they commenced to cultivate an indigenous grape, which they how- ever supposed to be from the
imported, but they all perished ‘from the vicis- situdes of the climate.” Thousands of failures are recorded; not one of durable success; and Downing was send justified in saying: (Horti- culturist, Jan. 1851) ‘The introduction of the foreign grape in this country for open vineyard culture is impossible. Thousands of individuals
have tried it—the result in every case has been
€ same; a season or two of promise, then
utter failure.” (Always excepting California, which was then almost unknown, but which is now the greatest he dit State of this country. All our remarks on grape culture refer only to the Staten east ots the Rocky Moun- tains
While this fact could not be denied, the cause remained a mystery. All pronounced the Eu- ropean grape as ‘‘ unsuited to our soil and cli- mate ;” all attributed its failure to that cause. But we, and doubtless many others with us, could not help thinking that ‘soil and climate” cannot be the sole causes; for this vast country of ours possesses a great many locations where soil and climate are quite similar to that of some parts of Europe at least, where the Vinifera flourishes ; is it then reasonable to suppose that none of the many varieties which are grown in Europe under so varied climatic conditions, from Mainz to Naples, from the Danube to the Rhone, should find a congenial spot in these United States, embracing almost every climate of the temperate zone? If soil and climate were so unsuited, how is it that the young, tender
fact that the finest European varieties of other fruits, the pear for instance, are successfully grown here, and that, but for the curculio, the Reine Claude and German Prunes would flour- ish here as well as there? Slight differences of soil and climate might well produce marked dif- ferences in the constitution of the vine, perh also somewhat in the flavor and quality of the grapes, but could not sufficiently account for their absolute failure. Nevertheless our learned Horticulturists looked for no other cause, they went even so far as to teach that “if we really wished to acclimate the foreign grape here, we must go to the seeds and raise two or three new generations in the American soil and climate.” In obedience to these teachings numerous fruit- less attempts have been made to raise here seed- lings of the European grape that will endure our climate. Like their parents, they seemed suc- cessful for a time*—to be soon discarded and ?amon the seedlings oF mireien: grapes, raised in the
Ld ps ich Pn aname an aie: Brinkle and aig F Raabe of: Fhiladelphin; Brandy- aed
GRAPE MANUAL, 3
forgotten. But, in the absence of any satisfac- tory reason for these failures, it is quite natural that renewed attempts were and are continually made.* We ourselves, imported in the spring of 1867, from Austria, about 300 rooted vines, (Veltliner, Blue Baden, Tantowina, Riesling,
Tokay, Uva Pana, &c.,) not with expectations of success, but with a view to discover by care- ful observation, ig real cause of failure, and knowing the true cause, to be then perhaps able to obviate it. The vines grew splendidly, but during the summer of 1869, though bearing some beautiful fruit, their foliage began to ex- hibit a yellow, sickly appearance. In 1870 many were dying and we almost despaired of discov- ering the cause, when our State Entomologist, Prof. C. V. Riley, informed us that a discovery had just been made in F
disease which had atiacked their noble vine- yards, was caused by a root-louse, which bears a close resemblance to our American grape-leaf gall-louse, an insect long known here, but then more than usually a <i poh actually covering all the Clinton foliage in 1870. In 1871 and since, Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards, as we gave him full permission and cheerfal assistance to unearth both diseased and healthy vines, native and foreign, of every kind, in order to examine their roots and to study the ques- tion. By his observations and those of Prof. Planchon, made by both in this country as well as in France, and afterwards confirmed and verified by all prominent naturalists, the iden- tity of the American insect with the one lately discovered in France, and of the two types, the gall and the root-lice, has been substantiated,
vines in this country has been saree 3t but no satisfactory remedy. e mildew, (Peronospora and Oidium) ee be rapists treated with sulphur, it seems, so far, impossi- ble to destroy or to protect against this insect enemy; while the vigorous roots of our Ameri- can Vines enjoy a relative immunity from its in-
*Thos. Ri tise, a German, planted (in 1860) varieties of the —— on years 1 Island; a ee to su meecees i ch his
tig late as 1872, M. J. Labines, ‘at onary North Car- dertook to plant redhcte Feigs with 70,000 cuttings
(painelpally vieliting, tie. tena, Mores, « papiat in. duis orel, a pupil 0: 2 es pei fame best oe a a 2 o ture), and ged ig seve ‘ of E W. : Ss o
this re Insects injurious to the grape-vine,” at the close
juries, the pest thrives on the tender roots of the
Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct. 1874, came to the conclusion that: “‘ In presence of the non-success obtained from all attempts made since 1868, with a view to preserve or cure our vines, and feeling that after six years of ef- forts in this direction, no process, except sub- mersion, has been found effective, many persons
and their descendants, for success in grape cul- t
ure.
A knowledge of the distinctive permanent characters of our species, and a proper classifi- cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of far more importance than is generally sup- posed.* And while many grape growers may skip over the following pages as useless, we hope that some of them will thank us for em- bodying in this catalogue, the valuable treatise on this subject by the best living authority—Dr. Twent,
Cc the culture of the grape: ‘ The perfection of a definite arrangement of all our varieties must remain for future labors, but it is to be hoped an end so desirable, will not be lost sight of.”
In connection with the question of the relative -
susceptibility ef our grape-vines to the attacks of Phylloxera, this end has become still more desirable, aye, of first importance.
8. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise
free from foxiness, or foliage is wooly beneath, &
rue ome: teak Oe
+
~
ers, a as it is a
4 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
‘
THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES. BY DR. G. ENGELMANN.
The Grape-vines are among the most variable plants, not only through cultivation, by which numberless varieties have been produced, but even in their wild state, in which climate, soil, shade, humidity, and perhaps natural hybridi- zation, have originated such a multiplicity and such an intermixture of forms, that it is most difficult to recognize the original types and to refer the different given forms to their proper alliances. Only by carefully studying a large number of forms from all parts of the country, in their peculiar mode of growth, and especially their fructification, or rather their seeds, are we able to arrive at any thing like a satisfactory
_ disposition of these plants.
Before I proceed to the classification of our Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a few preliminary remarks:
l the true Grape-vines bear fertile flowers m one stock, and sterile flowers on another i NON stock, and are, therefore, called poly- mous, or, not quite correctly, diwcious. The sterile plants do bear male flowers with abortive pistils, so that hata they never pro- duce fruit themselves, they may assist in fer- tilizing the others; the fertile flowers, how- ever are hermaphrodites, containing both or- gans and capable of ripening fruit without the assistance of the male plants.* Real female flowers, without any stamens, do not seemrever to have been observed. Both forms, the male and the hermaphrodite, or if preferred, those with sterile and those with complete flowers, are found mixed in the native localities of the wild plants, but only the fertile plants have been selected for cultivation, and thus it hap- pens that to the cultivator only these are known,
Pidgin fertile i Aang ry are oftwo kinds; some MA aes hermaphr with long and oraiaut stainens peat sta Wwiiw:
istil; the 0 thers bear sma aller et soon dites, a Eperop hing females, and they ‘ frainta e perfect he arinaphrrdites, unless other- wise fer ilized. is proper here, to insist on act that nature hat paodoced the male e plants wi without a a meio ohject, al this object is oubt, f 2 ge fertilization of the hermaphrodite ey noe ell established fact that su
Vine growers mi
_ servations, and plant a few male stocks in their vine- ds, chom : 40 or 50 r fertil eh t from.
in the boi tae iIwould e influence. espec: ae Sa mh varieties tl stamens, —- a Tay Ma obtained > in course un Siaceanes that
and as the Grape-vine of the Old World has been in cultivation for thousands of years, it has resulted that this hermaphrodite character of its flowers has been mistaken for a botanical pe- culiarity, by which it was to be distinguished, not only from our American Grape-vines, but also from the wild grapes of the Old World. But plants raised from the seeds of this, as well as of any other true Grape-vine, generally fur-
y ering
course only ne the individual character of the mother-plan
The peculiar paseo of the tendrils in the Grape-vines, first indicated by Prof. A. Braun, of Berlin, furnishes an important characteristic for the distinction of one of our most commonly cultivated species, Vitis Labrusca, its wild and its cultivated varieties, from all others. In this species—and it is the only true Vitis exhibiting it—the tendrils (or their equivalent, an inflores- cence), are found opposite each leaf, and this ar- rangement I designate as continuous tendrils. All the other species, known to me, exhibit a regular alternation of two leaves, each having a tendril opposite it, with a third leaf without such a tendril, and this arrangement may be named intermittent tendrils. Like all vegetable characters, this is not an absolute one; to ob- serve it well it is necessary to examine well-
_ grown canes found in early summer, and neither
sprouts of extraordinary vigor nor stunted au- tumnal branchlets. The few lowest leaves of a cane have no opposite tendrils, but after the second or third leaf the regularity in the ar- rangement of the tendrils, as above described, rarely fails to occur k branches we sometimes. find tendrils irregularly placed oppo- site leaves, or, sometimes, none at all.
e fact, connected with this law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear only two inflorescences (rosea two mara of Finshiobe upon the same cane. in the forms belonging to pera often pbise and sometimes, in vigorous shoots, four or five, or rarely, even six in succession, each opposite a leaf. Whenever, in rare cases, in other species, a third or fourth infloresence occurs, there will always be found a barren leaf (without an opposi inflorescence) between the secon ' ones.
Young sindtiigs of all the iat 4 are glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cob-
webby © or cottony down, so characteristic of some 8 cies, makes. its appearance — in the et 7
¢ 4
there are
hs
GRAPE MANUAL, 5
varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, itis mainly observed in the young growth of spring and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but even then such leaves are never shin- ing as they are in the glabrous species, but have a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface. The form of the leaves is extremely variable, and descriptions must ne ily remain vague. Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. not lobed; young shoots from the base of old stems,
r plant only entire, or, I should rather say, not - lobed leaves. Ouly the leaves of flower-bearing canes ought to be considered as the normal ones.
The surface ot the leaves is glossy and shining, and mostly bright green; or it is dull above and more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves are perfectly glabrous, or they often bear, es- pecially on the nerves of the lower side, a pu- bescence of short hair. The dull leaves are cot- tony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under side; and this down often extends to the young branches and to the peduncles, but as has been stated above, often disappears later in the season.
Not much of a distinctive character can be made out of the flowers. It is observed, how- ever, that in some forms the stamens are not longer than the pistil,and very soon bend under it, while in other forms they are much longer than the pistil, and remain straight till they fall off. It is possible that those with short stamens are less fertile than the others.
The time of flowering is quite characteristic of our native species, and it seems that the cul- tivated varieties retain herein the apes ye their native ancestors. The different form Riparia and Cordifolia flower first of all; se comes Labrusca and its relatives, and the last flowering species is stivalis. If we are per- mitted to judge from afew Suilato observations, Vinifera flowers later than Labrusca, and a lit- tle earlier than Mstivalis. Riparia begins to open its flowers, according to the season, from one to over two weeks earlier than the first blossoms of Austivalis are seen in the same local- ity. In favorably situated vineyards in the vi- ity of St. Louis, the first grape-vines (Ripa-
ria), begin to bloom between May 10th and 28th and the last (@stivalis), end between June Ist
* Vitis Vitis Riparia
{Forms of Vitis Labrusca and of Vitis Zstivalis,
and 15th; and we are not likely to have here any grape-vines in bloom before May 10th, nor after June 15th.*
One of the botanical characters of the Grape- vines is found in the seeds. The bunches may be larger or smaller, looser or more compact, branched (shouldered) ‘or more simple, condi- tions which, to a great extent, depend on soil and exposure;. the berries may be larger or smaller, of different color and consistency, and contain fewer or more seeds (never more than four), but the seeds, though to some extent va- riable, especially on account of their number and mutual pressure, where more than one is present, exhibit some reliable differences.t The big top of the seed is convex or rounded, or it is more or less deeply notched, The thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is short and abrupt, or it is more or less elongated. On the inner (ventral) side are two shallow longitudinal de- pressions, Between them is a ridge, slight where there are one or two seeds, or sharper
r
this ridge the raphe (the attached funiculus or cord) runs from the hilum, at the beak, over the top of the seed, and ends on its back in an oval or circular well-marked spot, called by botanists chalaza. is r
tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or less prominent, like a thread. In our Amer- ican species these characters seem pretty reli- able, but in the varieties of the old world grape- vine p eames — nc of years re-
om urces, the form of
n no longer be considered such a safe guide as in our species.
The annexed cuts of 18 grape seeds illustrate the different characters which have been men- tioned above. The figures are magnified four times, (4 diameters), accompanied by an outline of natural size, all represent the back of the dry seed.
Figs. 1 to 3. Vitis 4stivalis with the raphe and the more or less circular sores nerd developed; the seeds are from wild gathered about St. Louis, the 5 of the a
* V. Vulpina blooms even later than A%stivalis, in the South; it does not grow a These remarks are thro out, more to induce grape growers to devote some atieatein heat —_— observations, than as definitely settling these poi + A single seed is always alia plumper, more a two poy are flattened on the inner, rounded der
n the outer side; three or four seeds are more sien audengwar: t these different variations may sometimes be found in berries of the same bunch.
a
6 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
tivated forms are very similar; figs. 1 and 2 are from berries with 1 and 2 seeds, fig. 3 from a
larger 4-seeded berry. Figs.4to07. Vitis Riparia from wild plants;
figs. 4 and 5 from Goat Island on the Niagara Falls; fig. 4a single broad seed; fig. 5 from a 3-seeded berry; fig. 6 from a 2-seeded berry from the shores of Lake Champlain, in Ver- mont; fig. 7, seed of the June grape from the banks of the Mississippi below St. Louis. The seeds are obtuse, or very slightly depressed on top, chalaza rather flat, elongated and gradn- ally lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely prominent iaphe. The seeds of the true Vitis Cordifolia are similar, butt usually with a more prominent raphe, somewhat intermediate be-
tween gee and Riparia, er ncar 247% €
Figs.8 and 9. Taylor-Bullit and Clinton, both Sibiasta to be cultivated forms of Ripa- ria, bert seeds larger, but of the same shape.
Fig. 10. Delaware, with broad, notched seeds, eae raphe and rather flat chalaza— appears intermediate between Riparia and La- brusca.
Figs. lland 12. Vitis Labrusca. Fig. lla native of the District of Columbia and fig. 12 of the mountains of East Tennessee. Seeds large, notched; chalaza mere | depressed in the first than in the second; no raphe is seen in the groove which extends ai the chalaza to the notch.
beak, less distinctly notched, no raphe visible. Fig. 14. Vitis Vulpina, from South Carolina, @ very distinct seed, flatter, with straighter sides, short beak, wrinkled on both surfaces, notched on top, narrow chalaza, no visible raphe. Figs. 15 to 18. Vitis Vinifera, from Europe, different forms, which are int
themselves, are arc distinguished from all American s, by the narrower and usually longer beak (ct lower part), and espec- ially by the large, though not very prominent chalaza, which occupies the = and not the middle part of the seed. These four specimen seeds represent the principal diem; but not all agree entirely with them.
broader, with shorter |
roduced here for
Vv. ZSTIVALIS. Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3.
V. RIPARIA. Fig. 7.
TAYLOR, CLINTON, Fig 8.. Fig
Vv. LABRUSCA. Fig. ll. Fig.12.
V. CANDICANS. V. VINIFERA. Fig. 13. Fig. 15. Brusca.
VITIS VINIFERA. Fig. 16, Riesling. Fig. 17, Chasselas. Fig. 18. Bl. Hamb’g,
GRAPE MANUAL, 7
It is interesting to know that since the times of Linnzus aud of Michaux, not a single real species has been added to those belonging to the territory of the old United States, east of the Mississippi river, though Rafinesque, LeConte
Bis - 3 h + > and characterize a great many more; while Di-
eas, Vitis fateh resulting, according to $ vie ae e hybridization of several of tase ipa The Taubes of true Grape-vines (with petals he Grape-vine er. the Old World, th sere gana
*7T Linneus, finds its plac @ imethis_section, bet rota Vitis Aniealis. Though many toh its e
the wild or epeeqeticrondint ones, have fruit not larger than that of the above named n ative species.
This plant, together wit Wheat, belongs to those earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the ‘history of which reaches beyond the most ancient ig aionsin vd ges Not only have the sepulchres o of. ppcient Egypt preserved us its fruit HSS sized’ beret and
eed, but it n discovered i in t e la- custrian fn, ere to Saeaien: ‘Ttaly. itis a mooted t
and to by eatiretion through uncounted a Pye i- den‘al and repeated Now cape! ma 3 es produced the numberiless forms now which remind us so
e also cannot trac ich can scarcel ly be derived from a single paca original wild species. Director egel of St. Pet eg ascribes them to the intermin- gling of a few species, well kno rie in their rs State at rg day; Prot. Bra aun, of Berlin, suggests the offspring of distinct apaiet yet found wild i in many parts of Southern Euro d Asia, which thus he con- siders not the accidental. "offs ring of the cultivate
its stems 3, bs wibigig = ra i trees, its smooth and s
3 and its small, black elie ‘he wild — of ‘the thickets of the ped countries of Tuscan rowth, downy pees i ‘larger, a more paintabbe trait, which ‘don’t make a bad wine,’ as an: Italian botanist expresses him- self, reminds us, notwithstanding the foalier. size rid
e leaves, of our darren peering Wi ata nown to
the ee pesiong? as Labru
bork i" smooth- Por less deeply,
cohering at the top and separating at the base, so that the corolla falls off without expanding; and with edible fruit,) in the present territory of the United States, considered good species, is limited to nine, which may be enumerated thus:
rape-vines with loose shreddy bark, eet y the aid of branc tendrils, or, (in No. 1,) without tendrils, and not climbing at all.
a pees ries small, 3—6 orrarely 7 linesi in diame- ter, (in No.7 larger,) seeds more or less rounded on the top, with the raphe often more or less prominent on the top and back, or inconspicu-
Ht s group have (on well grown shoots), intermittent tendrils.
oN =}
1. Viris Rupestris, Scheele.
inter or Frost-grape. RIPARIA , Michaux.
e grape. 4, Vitis See Engelmann.
Arizona-grape. 5. Vitis “sehen Bentham. California-grape. 6. VITIS ZESTIVALIS, Michaux. Summer-grape. 7. Vitis CANpIcANs, Engelmann. Mustang-grape, of Texas. 6 Berries large, 7—9 or even 10 lines in diam- eter; raphe scarcely visible on the more or less deeply 1 notched top of the seed; tendrils con- tinuou 8. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linneus. Northern Fox Grape. Il. Grape-vines with SS ee A Sagoske lectin firmly adhering bark enly in the yor reach ne meeagiuee! oft ; acovtat: reots praca -_
termittent, simple; berries very Aili 10 lives thick,) very few ina memes easily d
ing hgkesemuede ra at urity ; cases pat tra e inkles or gehen Ow grooves on both sid
9. VITIS VULPINA, Linnzus. Southern Fox Grape, or Muscadine.
It will be seen that the first four species are more or less glabrous, the next four more or less phase! or cottony; the ninth again sacred a six have smaller berries, the others larger ones. The practically useful ge Pe al
rape-vines, are principally Nos. 3, 6, 8 and 9,
arranged in the order of os: importance to our
8 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
grape culture, are taken from Dr. Engelmann’s oor meng (in C. V. Riley’s Sixth Entomolog-
report), revised ‘sa himself for our Manual. reed Viticultural Remarks, with list of varie-
itis Aistrvatis, Michaux. Climbing over ushes and small trees by the aid of forked, intermittent tendrils; See large (4—5
teeth; when young always very woolly or cot- tony, mostly bright red or rusty; ‘at. last smoothish but dull, and never shining like paria; berries usually larger than in this species, coated with a distinct bloom, and, when well grown, in compact bunches; seeds usually 2 or 3, rounded on top, with a very prominent raphe. (Fig. 1- This is the Well-known Summer Grape com-
pecies. which retain their rusty down at full maturity has often been mistaken for Zabrusca, does not grow in the Mississippi Valley. An- other Bak more bu
eep fruit, is Vitis Lincecumii of the — _— of Louisiana and Texas, often called Post O.
Grape. Vitis Monticola, the Mou a se of Texas, is a form with small entire leaves (the down of which at last is gathered in little tufts) — rapt acl dulous berries. When ios Heap ii
approaching v. Cordifolia through its 9 smaller black
species, Zstivalis,
unless the essential characters above enumer- ated be closely attended to, and the numberless gradual transitions from one form to the other be watched.
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
then 4ESTIVALIS.—This species is pre-eminently WINE grape of the Atlantic States, and of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Owing to the fact that none of the Elsingburgh and Humelan will ripen no rth of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be in some pe- culiarly favored siithtion,® they hay: n exten- sively ee: spas their superior satittad are but little kno berries are ado a juice ala a note other improved pydaet.ce pti: . liable to disease as that of the fox grape, 2m rot in he _ orri ies is aaa ely unknown. Some of the ; nes made gion ‘counIEy are produced | from va- ceuaae ges this fam have not been propery festen as to their wine-produc- ing qualities. I am convinced praecthe either the wine- pra aie pero * poten r the excellence of th yards of these varieties are established in 5 best loca- tions of favorable climates.— Wm. Saunder The most genial home of this species is sens country of the Ozark Hills, Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas and Indian Territory; probably also south-west Illinois and the mountain slo Tennessee. And great producing regions of this continent, (east of ive Rocky mountains) oe a certain class of jine wines. In Western Texas a varieties belonging to this class seem to awaaaler ae than any other class of grape 8. : . Onderdonk, Victoria, Texas. Handbook of Fru “The following varieties of this most valuable species yms, ried new and discarded varie
POPS 3
ALVEY Poo a cross with Vinifera; see page 35.) CUNNINGH OIR.
YNTHI ‘ LOUISIAN DEVEREUX. Nonron’s Vensea: ELSINBURGH. NEO: EUMELAN. utd Sisal HERBEMONT. PAULINE.
ANN.” RULANDER.
new varieties of this species, some ‘chan e
seedlings selected in the forests of Arkansas, others
rom seeds of cultivated varieties, are now on
trial; among ~~ ; atter two seedlings of Norton’s Vir- ia and on sme Prone come
he petty of these vari 1 teven
ve French taste seems quite cade’ Only ‘hat size
is unsatisfactory. ‘*Dans ce grou trouvent les
raisins dont le goat se rapproche le Fito des portent et
roper climate is south of the isotherm of 70° Fahreghoke for prone Poon SS po a and Septe: mber; they requize & ariet ar te norte rental 0) n vi es @ proper : tw: the isothermal 1 oe prop Isoth sde- ote localities ua. m perature
‘y J hic: egrees, which ve ge vogne: Sut wine really have no pet in
GRAPE MANUAL. 9
qui ee des vins colorés, corsés, 4 eo ae souvent delicat, et en tout cas non-foxé.”—J. EZ. Planchon, Les
Vignes ines Mr. Herman J: neger, aa Neosho, south-west Missouri, us: ‘*In sou t Missouri, southern Illinois,
crops of fine grapes, and of the m
with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more,
—then oi ay to such an extent, ‘that they: are cutirely
worthles:
oe cd she these States. m
J truly It was believed that no
The wi
and etipy as no Labrusca ever Feit be with us.’’ Th ties s group generally prefer a dry, poor col, “futormiited with lime and
w olid, har small pith, and firm outer bark; so that it is almost im- propagate this species from cuttings.
©
to Clinton—but we think they are too good and valua- ble to serve merely as a grafting stock.
ris LaBR Rusca, Linneus. Plant usu- ally not large, stems with tee shreddy bark, climbing over bushes or small trees, though oc- casionally reaching the tops of the highest trees. endrils continuous, branched. ves (4—6 inches wide,) large and thick, entire, times deeply lobed, very slightly dentate, “ebalad when young with a thick, rusty or sometimes whitish wool or down, which in si wild plants remains on the lower side, but almost disappears ure leaf of some cultivated varieties ;
_two or three or sometimes four seeds. (Figs. 11 and 12.)
This plant, usually known as the Fox grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of the east-
ern slope of the continent from New England to South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets; it extends into the Alleghany mountains, and here and there even down their western decliv- ity, but is a stranger to the Mississippi Valley. By far the largest number of varieties of grape- vines now cultivated in our country, are the off- spring of this species; a few produced by nur- serymen, but most of them picked up in the woods; they are easily recognized by the char- acters above given, and most readily by the pe- culiar arrangements of the tendrils as above de- scribed. ree and downy-leaved varieties of V. Zstivalis are, in the West and South-west, not rarely mistaken for Labrusca, but the two may always be distinguished by the characters indicated. VITICULTURAL REMARKS. “For table use, this species, inits improve ed varieties.
in maturity of the best varieties of this class, the inferior kinds will or tg place. As a wine gra e V. Labrusca has been — ated; the eh op sot pulp of even the best e- ties Beauires a Oe: and favorable season of pani to uce
+ ft re p prop Tatlo OF ery a:
_ Pullye endorsing the abov © quoted views of William
Saund
mn we do not wish to be understood as ad- using La-
popular wines. But for wines of finest we re- commend the Mistivalis, where its oe succeed, as
far superior to the Labrusea. Mor r, we recognize in rm (same as in the Riparia and stivalis), with distinct charac-
The Northern Labrusca—a plant of great vigor, hardi- ness and productiveness; abundant, heavy, bran and fibrous roots, thick pith and firm lib fruit of superior size, but also ness and foxiness in taste or flavor bru: far more tender plan alties from <erapcto kdeobioptient e cha with few and feeble roots, of only moderatel
t will not do well at
subject to fungoid well ripen at the North. “ster “ exon. 200 to rot, and is not continue to succeed th-west, where both of the Labr. seem not to feel at home.*
welli
*G. Onderdonk writes us: “After all, our grapes in
Texas must come from the stivalis famil No La-
brusca has given us good, permanent ee ected: here.”
This same view is obtaining groun in Arkansas and | rfull trial poll ¥
south-west Missouri, afte experience.
10 < BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
The metpeipal varieties of this species, thus classi-
[6] Southern Group.
Biack Hawk. ADIRONDAC, CONCORD. CASSADY. Cc AGE. CATAWBA DRACUT AMBER. DIANA. HARTFORD PROLIFIC: Iona. IvEs. ISABELLA. LaDy. IsRAELLA MARTHA. Lyptia. NORTHERN MUSCADINE. MAXaAT PERKINS. MOTTLED. REBECCA. TELEGRAPH. KALON VENANGO. UNION VILLAGE.
This subdivision of poring: into a northern and southern form is a new idea of our own, and may bea unyiome tis here pr sat for the first time, not as tablished fact, already accepted or endorsed by any teste authority, but as a hypothesis worthy of i i rther research. In some few va- we find it as which group they should be assigned; but this oe exists also, in some, with regard to the spec The varieties enumerated rari which we consider
rable grafting stock the Southern group of Labrusea, though exhibiting a a larger
inifera suffer from the insect. powers and Riley a - served that the roots of Labrusca have a sweetish taste, without having the astringen - eunh character belong- ing to the roots of other species, especially of Rotundi- folia.)
Vitis Corpironia, Michaux. Tall (or more rarely low), climbing high by the aid of intermit-
ne slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broa
shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower side; the young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old ones, with short hair on the ribs below; pani- cles compound, large and loose; berries among
‘Maturing late in the fall, usually with a single short and thick seed, marked by a more or less prominent rae
This lake more especially in = soil, and is acommon plant in river and creek bottoms. It aft weet ibaa by the name of Winter Grape, Frost Grape, or Chicken Grape, and it is, together with the next, the earliest flowering species; the flowers, principally the sterile,
(male,) are especially fragrant. It is found from New England to Texas, and westward to the western limits of the wooded part of the Mississippi valley. In this valley, at least, the fruit has a strong and even fetidly aromatic taste, which unfits it for making into preserves or for pressing wine. No cultivated varieties of this species are known.
Vitis Riparia, Michaux. Similar to the last, but usually a smaller plant, with larger
y hairy) leaves, the lobes long
a inted, the teeth also more pointed than in Cordifolia; aan rather Sa and com- pact; berries ally larger than in the last,
mostly with a seen m, in smaller and often more compact bunches, without pulp, commonly 1 or 2-seeded; seeds obtuse, or sometimes very slightly depressed, with the raphe often almost obliterate
This spetion prefers thickets or rocky = on river banks, and extends as far south as the last, and much farther north and west, betiig the only grape vine in Lower Canada, where it
northern form, in Canada, northern New York to Michigan and Nebraska, has fewer and larger berries in a bunch, and is easily distinguished from V. Cordifolia. The south-western form, however, a taller plant,
with smaller black berries, approaches more closely to this last species, and often seems to
V. Cordifolia, Michx. The fruit ripens
earlier than that of Cordifolia, and is much
pleasanter. (In St. Louis a variety found on e rocky river-banks is brought to market in
July.)
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
Both Cordifolia are often considered types of one species, (Gray, Durand, Planchon,) and grape growers usually designate the cultivated varie- ties of this species as ‘‘ Cordifolia;’’ Dr. Engelmann himself stated ‘‘ that both species are so closely allied that it isa matter of individual judgment whether to keep them separate or to unite them;’’ we prefer therefore to ath ve shat designation. The CLINToN, its most promi as certainly in the foliage, more of the ea Conia than of the Riparia, but pa rege Pages turing late in the fall, assimilate:
and Riparia ar
eal
f the Northern pnectn ‘yet they are equally healthy at maid: even more productive at the South. A distinct form of
GRAPE MANUAL. 11
species is found growing along the Alleghany range, from southern New York to Alabama, to which the
the vynertion in, jured a! insect punctures. The efer:
ed for pk tses| well after yes gathered That of the northern form is late in maturing, a“ —_— ha es its highest senntlic by ntil the thermometer ue 4 proximity to the free reezing point, w. rn localities, it proves ee aoe f
rth- ruit ~ ef avalty ‘either eatly i
ize its flavor and vinous character as ripened in southern Maryland or aL Th test obj to it as a wine grape is that of havhig too mu ch acid. The fruit is not so eer in sugar as is generally sup posed, having enough of this important ingredient for a good wine. Nor has it any foxy or musky taste whatever, the Le cone of our Foe in France to the The peculiar ‘flavor in
The flavor and its ous ag Marion and other siaiea of this class may also be p ferable to Clinton in this eae Analysis shows pri they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems probable that the wines only require age to develop their quali- ties.
It is known that wines from the Clinton variety, when kept in a suitable cellar sur tee Be - 7, assume a fine character. There to favor the belief, that if as anak time and care had been Sevetea vs the improvement of this species as has been given to the Fox family, we aes now be in possession of a a northern red-wine grape.
management and sai ure has also a de- productiveness of this species.
canes the best chin neq tance from the base, or point of grow
th e stem consequently, if cut closely back at the nite or uds for fruit bearing are re-
growers and when Beate in rich soils are almost un-
trolable. The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft,’contain-
ing a thick medulla; they are agit haha therefore my from cuttings. The roots are wi ugh, a thin, hard liber, growing rapidly:;.: “Hence Sea =
» W. is usually found in small numbers on the eir roots, even while their foliage is densely covered with its The roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push out from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can wep “8 aa ties of this Scenes especially Clinton, are meron oaneiay dita use k for gra ra afflicted vin rad s of France re ig gta 5) for this purpose, as aor seem not to unite eadily with the ; and are more subject to s Ee. from re aa ae close to the roots, than varieties of other specie
Vitis VuLprina, Linneus. ee or often
climbing very high, with small, ( i ro
m and glossy dark-green leaves, s scat slightly hairy on the und coarse and Jarge, or broad aaa bluntish teeth. The Southern species, known under the name of Elen Fou-grape, Bullace or Bullet- ae: or gia is found along water- amp woods of the Southern Ma
icky 6 straggle fat south-east Missouri. cultivated varieties, especially the white Scup- pernong, are highly esteemed in the South. VITICULTURAL REMARKS. uthern grape growers generally Sea bse spe-
ee as Vitis Rotundifolia, Michaux. trictly confined to Southern States, and * fatale and e ithe
forked ee those of other grape vines. annot be grown from cuttings.
se si Aas them; on po wires. they must be at a , except cut-
erect to support them.
some good cultivation ot the soil, they produce annually
arge and ih <a being entirely free from rot and fr
——
mildew and, eems om the attacks of insects. The Vitis R ateeatttts enjoys so far, perfect immunity from Phylloxera, (some pi have been fou nd on their leaves, but no trace of the insect on their roots, which are of = ingent, aes taste. is immunity caused them to be exported into France. but thei
fruit is so defen in grape sugar, Lope ng it tastes
sweet, con searce any acid, ) an rich i
musky flavor, that * eapenliciags Pe French ite; ’
af th wood
12 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
and different prea of oo ere makes the Rotun urpos . J. Berckmans of is
PULP, Isabella seedling under the name of Richmond.)
Vitis Sohne Engelmann. (V. Mus- tan neanels, Buckle
shoo uts the leaves are a dent and sdhrPa “itien yalObOd.
VITICULTURAL REMARKS. This species grows wild in great abundance along the creeks and rivers of Texas, chiefly western and middle
cutti WwW
ow as yet of sazulies varieties = Ane Mustang found in the woods; a black, a red and a white Mustang
Vitis Ruprstris, Scheele. A small, bushy plant, often without any tendrils, ard some- what climbing; leaves small (2-3 inches wide), and often folded, mostly broader than long,
art-shaped or truncate at base
h
n color; berries
unches; se nd, with an extremely short
se, se, with a small chalaza; raphe very
r grape-vine is found only west of the Missiesippt, from the Missouri river to Texas and westward probably to New Mex- ico. In our State, where it is called Sand grape, and in Arkansas, it grows on the gravelly banks and overflowed bars of mountain streams; in Texas also on rocky plains, whence the Latin name ; it is there sometimes = Sua ee Its Ingclons fruit ripens with us
It is nowhere yet in Bestel ay but ssh in future prove of value.
Vitis Catirornica, Bentham. The only wild grape of California, has rounded, downy leaves and small berries, and is not made use of as far as known. The seeds are obtuse, with a short beak, ig eR chalaza, and very slender raphe.
Viris Arizontca, Engelm. Similar to the last, a tom a only when young, later g us, with middle-sized berries, reported to be of a luscivas taste.
1 ha: ancestor i. plant from which
DS. Besides the varieties pectic either to the one or the vate how many grapes Y eross- sabinp: either through the io are of wind or insects, or through the efforts and skill o cee Tormer, or natural hybridization, is no doubt of
ef _we cultivate are the product of oe cross-fertilization; thus we believe we recog-
ein heh BIDEN a ae peberaen st. and fodios) the Cr Labr. and Ripa the Sma a “ “ {7 ori e flee ara, * e ELVIRA, & =¥ Rt abe and so in a few others (as will be eta cn in their inept geen certain distinct characteristics of two ee tinct ght The ond class, “pty bidids rhaiaine, by igi cross ein, though of but recent date, are now . very numero When the Rigs deere that scédihuiee from the pres species, raised in our own soil and cli- mate would be more _hardy, proved fallacious, efforts were made to and Vitis, Vinifera; hoping thus to combine the : rior excellence of ae isles 5 with the health me yeGe ass a oes id b eure
2 +2fnt
a ren species, but ane varieties sees should be carefully
v ariety
een artificialiy tertiined)a d the e po cide was — ed), should always be named.”. PER En
The Hybrids thus produced are:
1. Hybrids between Zabr. and Vinifera:—
ADELAIDE. ’ GRRTNER AWAM. GOETHE N’S HYBRID. HERBERT, Amoenta (R, 39). IMPERIAL BARRY. WING BL. DEFIANCE. LINDLEY. LACK HAG MAaASSASOIT. CHALLENGE, MERRIM CLOVER STR. BLACK EQUA. CLOVER STR. RED. RoGERS’ HYBRIDS.* CONCORD CHASSELAS. SALEM. RD MUSCA’ SENASQUA.
CONQUEROR DraNa HAMBURG. Essex. And many more, less known.
2. Hybrids between Cordifolia and Viniferu:—
ADVANCE. NEWARK. AUTUCHON. LL BRANDT. Quassalc.
: : SECRETARY. CORNUCOPIA.
* Not named.
-from the water
GRAPE MANUAL. 18
8. Hy brids between Delaware and Vinifera; Ww
CROTON, ITHAKA, WYLIE’S DELAWARE Hrke . By crossing the Delaware alien Diana were produced the ONONDAGA and WALTER, perha so eee fae t pro-
by a cross of Delaware sae osidets folia Mr. d TN. nd finally, some crosses eer Hybrids were produced So far most Hybrids produced were between Labr rmer have a tendency fo leaf mil-
her
healthy Vinifera, is highly ssiirotiaie, especially when
some tender, glass-house grown variety is used for
that purpose. Only by the selection of the most healthy
and hardy varieties of a native and foreign rien or,
perhaps still better, by an intermixture of the best and
most vigorous native species, may really Vilas re- sults be obtained.
st of the Hybrids which we now cultivate are of
too recent introduction to be thoroughly tested; yet it
lready apparent that their adaptability to successful
i i ini t tive
the re- ements of Hybrid grapes, as to climate, soil and > will be found quite similar vas the requirements of one or the other of their progenito
LOCATION.
he only general rules we can give, to guide us in the selection of a proper, desirable loca- tion for vineyards, are:
i: good wine-growing region is one where the season of growth is of sufficient length to ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex- empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at- tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low, damp valleys, along creeks; low situations,
. where water can settle and penne about the
roots will not answer; wherever we find the ague an habitual guest with as inhabitants, we need not look for healthy grape-vines; but on the hillsides, gentle slopes, along large rivers and lakes, on the bluffs hslpstngesd the banks of our large streams, wher
atmosphere, even in the hottest summer days, to refresh the leaf during the webs sot morning Bae there is the Jocation of the
good soil for the vineyard Shonld be a dr 24 calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say three feet) loose and friable, draining itself readily. New soils, both granitic and lime- stone, made up by nature of decomposed stone
and leaf mould, are to be preferred to those that
have long been in cultivation. If you have such a location and soil, seek no further, ask no chemist to analyze its ingredients, but go at
PREPARING THE SOIL.
The old system of trenching is no more ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of very little, if any, advantage. The plow has taken the place of the spade, and has much les- sened the expense. While we would urge a thorough work in the preparation of the soil before planting the vine, and warn against planting in ditches, or worse yet in square holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in timber lands) leaving no stumps, which would
only be a continual eyesore and hindrance to proper cultivation, and then using a la breaking plow, followed by the subsoil plow, the soil will be stirred as deep (say twenty in- ches) as is really necessary to insure a good an healthy growth of vines. This will require two to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according to the condition of the soil. For old ground a common two-horse plow, with a span of strong horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as mellow, and in its natural position as desirable. This may be done during any time of the year when the ground is open and not too wet. Most soils would be benefited by underdraining; the manner of doing it is the same as for other farm crops, except that for vines the drains should be placed deeper; it is less important on our hill sides, and too costly to be practiced to a great extent here; wet spots, however, must be drained at least by gutters, and to prevent the ground from washing, small ditches should be made, leading into a main ditch. Steep hill sides, if used at all, should be terraced.
PLANTING.
The soil being thus tk landi ki friable — you ‘are ready for plant-
ing. The p season for doing this is in the fall, after the ee of November, or in the spring, before the ist of May. ost vineyards are
1 in spring, and in northern, very cold localities, this may be preferable. We prefer fall planting; the ground will generally be in better condition, as- we have better weather in the fall, and more time to spare. The ground can settle among the roots in winter; the roots will have healed and calloused over, new root- lets will issue early in spring before the condi- tion of the ground would have permitted plant- ing, and the young plants commencing to grow as soon as the frost is out of the ground, will start with full vigor in spring. To prevent the
14 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
roots from being thrown to the surface by al- ternate freezing and thawing, a mound of earth hoed up around a plants, or a eee thrown up with a plow, as to elevate the ground somewhat in the oe ad be found ie afford all the protection necessa By no means de- lay planting till date in spring (after May first here), and if your gr
is now the uated ene
© pass s through with plow or cultivator; the ae in the rows varies h
part.
atment practiced with European pg especially by German vintners, will not do for American vines, which must have ample room to spread anda free circulation of air. The number of vines required to set an acre (containing 43,560 square feet), will be
DISTANCE, FEET. METRES,
5 ft. by 5 ft. 1m §4 by 1™64.......... 1,742
5 ft. by 6 ft. 1™ 54 by 1™85.......... 1,452
6 ft. by 6 ft. 1™ 8 by1™85.......... 1,210 by Tf. 1™85 by 27™1b.......... Ay
6 ft. by 8 ft. Fmes by 2 46... 5.0... 90
6ft. by 9 ft. 1™85 by2™75.......... 807
6 ft. by 10 ft. mer by eo Te 725 ft. by 7 Smis by 2M. 889
Th. by: Sit 2m15 by 2m46.......... TTT
Tit. by 9 ft. 2m 16 by 2™76..20. 2605,
7 ft. by 10 ft. 2 Oe Be aes. we 622
8 ft. by 8 ft. 2m 46 by 2™46....... 680
8ft. by 9 ft. 2m46by2m7%H . <a.) Goer
8 ft. by 10 ft. 2m 3m 544 ft. by 9 ft. 2m 75 by 2™75.......... 537
9 ft. by 10 ft. 2m by mi lis i
10 ft. by 10 ft. SMe Dy oe ixracal, ‘acre = 41 ares French measure, or one Hectare
nearly equal to two and a half acres
Having determined the distance pone: you desire to p the vines, mark off the rows, running them parallel, and with the most level lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may easily plow between the rows and that the
ground may not wash. (Ou au eastern slope the rows will therefore run in a direction from north to south, which most vine dressers pre- fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave spaces for surface drains, the steeper the hill- sides the more frequent must these surface drains be. Then divide the rows into the de- sired distances, by the aid of a stretched line, and put small stakes where, each plant is to cote Now, if the groundis ‘sufficiently dry so Savane well, make the holes to bith ne vines, as sho own in fig. 19. The de epth these the nature of the soil.
On seny steep RIE
Fig. 19.
and especially on southern slopes, with natu- rally warm, dry soil, you must plant deeper than on gentle slopes ati deep, rich soil, or on bottom Jand and rich prairies. Eight inches will be deep enough on the latter; on the former we should plant from twelve to fourteen inches deep.
Having made the holes, and it is best not to make too many at a time, as the ground will dry out too quickly, you can go to planting.
We do not intend to discuss here the various modes of multiplication or propagation of grape vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes (buds), still less the production of new varieties from seed and Hybridizing, as this would far exceed the scope of this brief Manual, nor do we desire to say whether you should plant cuttings or — rooted plants, ety whether plarts grown from
cuttings, from single eyes or layers, are prefer- ble. Pro ‘pie $s and nurserymen are not considered disinterested, impartial judges on
be superior
but unprejudiced and observing cultivators
have found that they only look stronger and » but are not as good as plants properly
f
*
GRAPE MANUAL.
15
grown from cuttings or single eyes, of mature,
healthy wood. The disposition to multiply the new varieties of grapes rapidly, has led to the
disappointment to the stoneag = greatly in- jure the reputation of new vari Our German and French Vieidieionds gene- rally practiced growing vines from long cut- tings, but short (two or three eye) cuttings will undoubtedly make stronger and better ripened Others again have obtained the best re- sults from single eye plants, and consequently prefer them. We have tried all, and find that it makes very little difference how the vine has been raised, provided it has strong, firm, healthy, roots. (Wenever found any grown
m gr
iid that had them.) Asa general rule, a well grown vine is in its best condition for plant- ing when one year old. Fuller and some other good authorities prefer two-year old, trans- planted vines; vines older than two years should not be planted, and so-called extra large layers “for immediate bearing,” are a humbug
There is, however, one method of propagating the grape, namely, by Grarrs, which belongs more properly to the sphere of the cultivator,
Phylloxera, is becoming of unprecedented im- portance, and presents itself under almost en- tirely new aspects.
GRAFTING.
The researches of our scientists, prominent among them our friend Prof. Riley, enable us now to form pretty accurate estimates of the resisting powers of the roots of different va- rieties, and we find that the premature decay and short-lived existence of the vines of most of our finer varieties of the Labrusca class, (its Southern group) as well as nearly all the Hy- brids having blood of the vinefera class, must be mainly attributed to the attacks of the in- sect.
How far we possess a remedy to this, by GRAFTING such kinds on those of acknowledged greater resistance, is a question which is as yet not fully determined and still open to further test and experiments, bat which deserves the greatest attention. Another object for which grafting is very desirable is the early testing of
new Varieties. By grafting on a vigorous bear- ing vine we will generally —— bearing wood,
and sometimes even fruit, the first season. We are also enabled by grafting to turn old vigor- ous vines of perhaps some worthless variety to good account, as with a little trouble and care, and the loss of “only one year, we can change them valuable varie ety. But before we enter into details of the ‘* modus operandi” of grafting, we will first speak of the conditions generally considered essential to the successful performance of the operation.
experience we can not side claim that the stock and scion should in all cases belong to the same class to insure perfect success, it is still worth = to give this = a little consideration. The general experi seems to prove that the pi dp ie the Oordifolis class, of which we may take the Clinton as the type, do not unite readily with varieties of the Atstivalis or Labrusca, though we know of numerous instances where they did unite per- fectly and formed fine and healthy vines. But aside from this there is a great objection to the Clinton class on account of its tendency to throw up suckers from the old stock, even for years after the graft has become established, which requires “constant care and watchfulness that these suckers, which generally grow with re- markable vigor, do not usurp the place we have assigned to the grafted scion. This objection falls away almost entirely with the other classes after the first season, and once the graft is grow- ing vigorously.
int which is of far more importance is
nor one subject to the attacks of the Phylloxera as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in- deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety, and is grafted deep enough below the surface, where it may form its own roots, which will then support it entirely, and it will soon dis- solve its union with the unhealthy stock. But
object is to guard a variety subject to the Phyl- lo the ravages of this insect, we should select for the stock a vine of a strong and vigorous variety, which possesses recognized powers of resistance to the insect. The graft should then be inserted as near the surface of the ground as possible, and where practicable hi
stock and scion should be of varieties as near alike as possible in vigor of growth, but with
16 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
this we cannot agree. We should invariably prefer to graft a weak grower on a strong one
Seco THE Scion. This should be from a healthy and short jointed cane from the last
ummer’s growth, and of moderate size, (a lit- tle stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is the thickness which we prefer.) It should be cut from the vine before very hard freezing weather, and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp moss, sand, or sawdust, or else buried in the ground. _In case the grafting is to be performed Jate in Spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an ice-house.
Third. Wuen To Grart. The best time, as far as days and months are concerned, varies of course with the locality and latitude; butasa rule we would lay down that the vine cannot be grafted with good success, either while the sap is running so freely and liquid as to cause the vine when cut to bleed, as it is termed, nor yet (except by the process of inarching, of which hereafter) from the time when the young shoots in the Spring, or rather early Summer, begin to turn hard and fibrous, which generally com- mences about the time of the bloom, until after the fall of the leaf. This reduces the time for successful grafting to two periods, the first one lying between the fall of the leaf and the rising of active circulation in Spring, and the second one commencing after this exceeding strong flow of sap has abated and lasting until the full development of the first young growth.
the more Southern States grafting may be successfully and practically performed during the first period. In fact, Dr. A. P. Wylie of — S. C., that veteran and snthosieiin grower, upon whose opinion we lay the Sakae weight, informs us that the Fall or early Winter is in that latitude the proper time for grafting. Further north, and even in the lati- tude of St. Louis, Fall grafting is not quite as certain, for even when protected by a mulch of straw or leaves the graft is in danger of being thrown out by the heaving of the ground caused by the frost. In this latitude however we often have fine days in February and early in March, when the ground is open and before the active flow of sap has commenced, which should be improved for the operation. Still further North where the ground opens late, and Spring comes in all at once, these days are gencrally so few that they can seldom be made use of. For these latitudes the best opportunity lies in the second period or during the time the sap has ceased its active flow and exudes from the wound in a gummy state. Some have even claimed good
success in mid-summer with scions of the same season’s growth, but we must confess ourselves as extremely dubious in regard to the success of this.
We now come to the operation itself. The method most generally applied is cleft grafting After clearing away the soil around the collar of the stock to be operated upon, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, select a place below the surface with a smooth exterior around the collar, cut the vine off horizontally just above this place with a fine toothed saw; then split the stock with a common grafting chise! or other sharp instrument, so that the cleft will rnn down about 14 or 2inches. Insert the small end of the grafting chisel or a narrow wedge in the centre of the cleft to keep it open, and then with a very sharp knife, cut your scion, which may be 8 to 4 inches long, and with one or two eyes, to a long wedge shape at the lower end, to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle thicker than the inner one, and insert it in the cleft, so that the inner bark of both stock and scion make a close fit on each other as much as possible; then withdraw the wedge in the cen- tre, and the scion will be held firmly in its —
' place by the pressure of the stock. It is not
necessary to wrap or tie such grafts, except when the stock is a very light and small one, in which. case some bass string or other material should be tightly wound around to bind stock and graft together. If the stock is a large one two scions may be inserted, one on each side. This mode of grafting answers for stocks vary- ing from one-half to three inches in diameter. To complete the operation, replace the soil, fill- ing it up, so that the upper bud on the scion is level with the surface. A shade placed so as to protect it from the noon-day sun, or a slight mulch, is very desirable.
Another mode of cleft grafting, which though a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about one and a half inches deep with a thick bladed or wide set saw, instead of using the chisel. The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi- cient only to receive the scion, which must be cut to fit nicely in the slit with its upper por- tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, on the stock. In this instance we prefer a graft with two buds, the lower one of which should be the point where to cut the shoulders. In other respects the same rules apply to this mode as those given before. The greatest advantage is that we can always make a clean straight cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted.
GRAPE MANUAL. } 17
(We may as well remark here that the Wagner grafting machine, which is highly recommended by many who have tried.it, works upon the same principle.) As the slit cut by the saw is always of a uniform thickness, the scions may be prepared beforehand_in the house during a rainy day or in the evening, and kept in damp moss until wanted.
There are besides various other methods of grafting the grape below the surface of the soil, but as the one we have described is that which is most generally adopted, and we have reason to think, also, the most successful one, we re- frain from describing the others.
It frequently happens that the buds of the grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the operation, and then after having given great promis week or two, they turn brown and apparently die off. Do not let this discour- age you too quickly, and above all make no rash examinations of the cause of this seeming fail- ure, by pulling out the scion or otherwise loosening it. A graft will often remain in this state for a period of five or six weeks, and then start up all at once with a vigor that will push young wood to the length of twenty or more feet the same season. Keep the young growth well tied up and carefully remove all suckers from the parent stock as soon as they appear.
However, if our object is to graft a variety subject to the P’ xera on astock whose roots are healthy and possess the power of resisting the insect, we ae place the scion so that the grafted variety can not form its own roots, which would soon become the prey and breed- ing ground for the insect, and by their disease would contaminate the whole vine. We mus in this case aim to place the graft above the sur- face of the soil. The cleft and other ordinary modes of grafting fd unfortunately, seldom successful, unless wo ow the surface. Having this object in view we take recourse to grafting by approach or inarching.
For this method it is desirable that two plants, one each of the variety which is to form the stock, and one of the scion, are planted close together, say about one foot apart. In June (the first year, if the plants make a sufficiently
soon as the young shoots become sufficiently hard and woody to bear the knife, a shoot is taken from both the stock and the scion vine, and at a convenient place, where they may be brought in contact, a shaving is taken out from _ each of these, on the side next to the other, fora length.of 2 to 3 inches. This must be done with
a smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper than the inner bark, so as obtain on each a flat surface. They are then fitted snugly to- gether, so that the inner bark joins as much as possible, and wrapped securely with some old calico torn in strips, or soft bass strings. Besides this, it is well to place one tie a little below, and one above the grafted point, and also to tie the united canes to a stake or trellis to insure against all chances of loosening by the swaying of the wind. The rapid swelling of the young growth at this period of the year makes it desi- rable that the grafts be looked over after a few weeks, replacing such ties which may have burst, and loosening others which may. bind so as to cut into the wood.
weeks, which will be further consolidated in the course of 6 to 8 weeks, when the bandages may be removed and the grafted portion left exposed to the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it. The shoots themselves are to be left to grow In the
e stock cane, which in its turn is cut close above the connection. Supposing the stock to have been a Concord and the scion a Dela- ware, we now have a vine of the latter entirely on the strong, vigorous root of the former. Of course constant vigilance must be exercised to prevent suckers from starting out of the stock. It is well to protect the grafted joint the first few winters by a slight covering of straw or soil to prevent the frost from splitting it apart.
Mr. Cambre, a practical and successful grape - grower near Nauvoo, Ills., and to whom we owe he main points of-these directions, has prac- ticed this system on a large scale and with the most flattering results. He has applied it ex- tensively to the Delaware, using wild seedlings from the woods as the stock, and thus succeeds in raising fine and regular crops of this ex- cellent grape, even in seasons aa other vines of this variety on their own roots in the neigh- boring vineyards are a total qi It would be highly interesting if others in different sec- tions of the country would also experiment with this system.
Another mode of grafting above ground, prac- ticed with success by a Mr. Cornelius, (copied from ‘The Gardeners’ Monthly” by W. Strong in his valuable work, ‘‘ The Cultivation of the Grape’) is not merely interesting in it- _ self, but also illustrative of many other modi- fications in grafting:
oF
18 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
‘‘After the first four or five leaves are formed, and the sap is flowing, you choose the place on the vine where you intend to . At that
point wrap tightly a twine several times around the vine. This will, in a measure, prevent the return sap.
Below the ligature make a sloping cut down, as shown at a;
scion prefer one that has natu- rally a bend. Cut it so that it shall be wedge-shape at both ends, and a little longer than the distance between the cuts in the vine at @ and bd. Insert the
tight to force the scion-ends into vad places. If the work is done
ell, no tie will be required at a (and 2, but ih. joints should be covered with grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d will commence its growth, after which you can by degrees remove all the growing shoots not be- longing to the scion, and in course of the sum- mer you may cut off the wood above 6, and in the Fall remove all above a on the stock, and above c on the scion.
This, as well as all other methods of grafting above ground, require much careful watching, and a judicious use of graft-
its entering into
- the slit is positively injurious. Quite recently Mr. Henry Bouschet of Montpellier, France, has proposed the fol-
of the American nf i peg (making resisting roo which is to serve as ae with a portion of the Euro- pean grape-cutting (of which the fruit is desired) as graft, as shown in annexed figure,
. and,the ae ——o' enugiy. tied togethe th some slight shreds, is eat salon like a
—_ long cutting, eg Noted both the plant-
ing and grafting at the e time. Of course the graft can be inious prepared in the room, at the fireside. Mr. Bouschet has shown at the Exposition of the Viticultural Congress at Montpellier, (Oct. 1874,) samples of such grafts, whieh ha d aoae a successful union and growth, and t made with this aystemn in France.
e e'to experiment more extensively ourselves si the matter of grafting with the view to combat the inroads of the Phylloxera, and the results of our experiments shall be duly made public. We are confident that many of our choicest table grapes, and perhaps even European grapes, could, if worked in such a way, be successfully grown in many regions where they are now a total failure.
Of wine grapes, on the other hand, we. have now such good and valuable varieties, like Cyn- thiana, Cunningham, Elvira, Herbemont, Her- mann, Louisiana, Neosho, etc., all of which are free from the destructive effects of the Phyl- loxera, not to speak of a number of new and highly promising Aistivalis seedlings, which as
e yet wees way laborious process; of grafting the grape vi
ut now set us return to th@ ictate operandi of planting. Take ur vit es, from the place where they were ested * wrapped in a wet cloth, or in a pail with water, to the holes; when planting, let one person shorten the roots, with a sharp knife, then spread them out evenly to all sides, and let another fill in with well pul- verized earth. The earth should he worked in among the roots with the finger, and lightly pressed to them with the foot. Lay the vine in slanting, and let its top come out at the stake previously set. Then, with your knife, cut back the top to a bud just above, - even with the surface of the ground. Do not leave more than two buds on any one of a young vines
*On receiving your vines from the nursery, t should ged Nepe ae out of the box, without delay, an
heeled-in, h is done as follows: a dry and well sossctee t Leben! on, a trench is m e soil 12 to 16 ches deep, and wide enough to rec the roots of t
plants, and of any —— ength. the soil beingthrown out upo! ie. The plants are then thickly to- gether neh, with the tops in a sloping ection bank of soil thrown out of the trench;
another inion is made a to the first, and the soil
taken fro: the first, cove ¢ roots carefully. wilting fi >. we of | aoe interstices a down mooth
ate Tod rye sot eon, When one trench is fin- ished, nag the $ lode am the next, pad. When is compl eted, dig a shallow trench arounc the od mg so as to pot off the water and — sit- uation dry.
“GRAPE MANUAL 19
which you are planting, however strong the tops, or however stout and wiry the roots may be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and merely to be prepared for possible accident, both buds are allowed to start. The weaker of the two shoots may afterwards be removed or pinched
ck.
When planted in the fall, raise a small mound around your vine, so that the water will drain off, and throw a handful of straw or any other mulch on the top of the mound, to protect it; but do not cover the vine with manure, either decomposed or fresh, under any circumstances.
It is a well authenticated fact that, under the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape grows more luxuriant, its leav ves are larger, its pro-
defect—they impart to the wine a flavor which recalls the kind of manure applied. Moreover, nitrogenous substances exclusively used hasten the decay of vineyards and the exhaustion of the soil.
use no manures in our vineyards, except the ashes of the stumps and brush, which we burn on the spot in clearing, and the decom- posed leaves of the forest, which we have to turn under in plowing our grounds. Other soils may require manures, and ours may, in later years. But even those authorities who fa- vor manures in * aring certain grounds, or long after planting, do not allow any decompos- ing organic matter to come in contact with the newly planted vine.*
During the first summer, little else can be done than to keep the ground mellow, loose about the plants and free from weeds; stirring the ground, especially in dry weather, is the
est stimulant, far better than liquid manure, and mulching (spreading over the ground a layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, salt, hay, or the like, to maintain a more uniform state of temperature and moisture for the roots) is far
vines Tse by ade he fi
or. but the Phyl a has n
believed itself justifi ed in as aha Be that manures, tich and nitrogen, mixed Rodos Ikaline or earth sulp aes aries of salt-works, wien ash 0m, ammo- nia, or fat lime, have tnareennnt (ih Ssedumeiranans of the vines and allowed the fruit to Roessler of Klosternenburg. Austria, believes in gain the in- sect with man hosphates, a: an tash. treatmen 2 sands a and ey obta: this porosity the learned e made use of dyna- raising oer depth, with-
mite. t out inj — — thus from a grea
better than watering. Do not tie your young vines up, do not pinch off the laterals ; by allow- ing them to lie on the ground, during the first season, more vigorous stems will be obtained. A fair growth is about four feet the first sum- mer. In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut back to two or three buds. Cover the short cane left with a few inches earth before the ground
During the following winter, the TRELLIS should be built. The plan — by most of our experienced grape growers, as possessing some advantages over other plans, especially if as fol-
is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being set; these posts are set in holes two feet deep, 16 to 18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 vines 8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are between two stakes), three wires are then stretched hor- izontally along the posts, being fastened to each post witha staple f), which is driven in so firmly that the wire is prevented from slipping through.
The two end posts should be larger than the others and braced (Fig. 20), so that the contrac-
Fig. 20.—(Four wires, 15 inches apart.)
tion of the wire (in cold weather) will not loosen them. The first wire is placed about 18 inches from the ground and the others 18 inches apart; this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6 inches from the ground. The size of wire used is No. 10 annealed iron; but No. 12 wire is
40 to $60, ac- cording to distance of rows and number of wires
used. No 12 is the size most Splise used.
The Ludlow Saylor Wire ae — furnish us the cerraneee table, while may serv in calculating the cost
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
« ey nes eee
‘oz ‘ = aalias E=R) 3 2 pai : & At. 12 agi=s | aa 3 843 ~ Ele) 26 1 es Be) tor ete | Os | eaoe wi o| 82 | a3 | 48 | os Sa )af/)2sn8 S$} a) 8/23) s. | e- - bie ee ea | @h | oR | ag ws ry se | pees
S18) 8 |s | 38] 88)23 | 5° | Bak
SIG e te. te la bee iets
-9 | 6%} 18.36 | 323 | 342] 609| 1560 | 986| $6415 10 | 8} 14.97] 264] 420] 747} 1280 | 807 64 50 li 8 | 11.95} 211 | 529] 939} 1000 645 51 60 12 | 83}. 9.24] 163 | 700! 1244} 800 | 499 42 35 13 ‘1 7.05 | 124 | 893; 1519} 568 |. 377 36 00 4 |S 5.51 | 97 | 1142 | 2031 | 456 | 296 27 25
In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve the same purpose (as seen in fig. 21), but they are not durable, and the posts must then be put in much closer. Another mode of making wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal bars and perpendicular wires, as shown in a follow- ing illustration (fig. 22). Posts of good, hard, durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and 64 to
=.
;
-: or a a eo ong
— oe C
Fig. 22.
7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at equal distance from each vine, and in a line with them, two feet deep in the ground. When the posts are set, nail on strips about 24 inches wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar being placed one foot from the ground, and the other at the top of the post. Then take No. 16 gal- vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicularly, twisting it around the lower and upper bar, at a distance of about 12 inches apart. Galvan- ized iron is preferable, and as a pound of No. 16 wire gives one hundred and two feet, the ad- ditional expense is but very small. This trellis
Fig, 21.
will probably cost less than with horizontal wires, and is preferred by some. Practical ex- perience, however, speaks in favor of horizontal wires, and a method with only two horizontal wires, the lower about 3 feet high and the upper about 54 feet high, is gaining the good opinion of vineyardists, East and West. A good many grape growers train their vines to stakes, be- lieving it to be cheaper, and the decline in the price of grapes and wine induces many to adopt the least costly plan; one, two and three stakes will be recommended by some, all of which will prove a slovenly—very inconvenient method. And yet, quite recently, a method of training our yines to but one stake each, pruning the vine to two branches, which are wound spirally, in opposite directions, around the stake, and nailed fast to its top, has been not only claimed as a new invention and as mprovement in grape culture, but has actually been patented! (J. B. Tillinghast, modes of training and secur- ing Grave-vines, No. 155,995. Patented Oet. 13, 1874.)
Some people believe even that we could -dis- pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and urge the adoption of the ‘‘Souche” or “ Buck
Pruning” plan used in ts of France and Switzerland, but quite impracticable ri our strong growing species
If you have covered your young vines last fall, remove the earth from over them at the ap- proach of spring; then cultivate the whole ground; plowing between the rows from four to six inches deep, and carefully hoeing around
in vineyards, but since we got Hexamer’s prong- hoe we prefer this excellent tool. The ground should thus be broken up, inverted and kept in a mellow condition Piss but do not work the ground when wet!
During the second phe a cane or shoot is produced from each of the two or three buds which you left on the young vine last fall. Of
GRAPE MANUAL.
21
Fig. 23.
these young shoots, if there are three, leave on-
y the two strongest, tying them neatly to the trellis, and let them grow nnchecked to the up- permost wire.
—
With the strong-growing varieties, especially |
where we intend to grow the fruit on laterals or spurs, the two main canes are pinched off when they reach the second horizontal wire, whereby the laterals are forced into stronger growth, each forming a medium-sized cane, which is shortened in the fall from four to six buds. One of the two main canes may be layered in June, covering it with mellow soil, about an inch deep, leaving the ends of the laterals out of the
ground. These will generally make good plants in the fall for further plantations; with varie- ties which do not grow easily from cuttings, this method is particularly desirable. Fig. 23 shows the vines tied and pruned, accordingly, at the end of the second season (the cross lines through the canes showing where they are cut off or pruned).
Another good mode of training, recommended by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end of the second season, the two main canes of the vines (the laterals of which have been pinched back to concentrate the growth into these main canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying them against the lower wire or bar of the trellis, as shown in figure 22, and shortening them to four feet each. Then let five or six of the buds on the upper side of the arms be grown in- to upright canes. wanted for upright canes, should be broken off. This latter method is not well adapted for varieties which require covering in winter. Where the canes are started -lower, near the ground, and cut loose from the wire, they can be easily covered with earth.
At the commencement of the third season (un- cover and) tie the canes to the trellis, as shown before. For tying, any soft string or stout woolen yarn, the shreds of old gunnies, may be used; some obtain their tying material from basswood-bark, soaked for two weeks or longer
in running water. Mr. Husmann recommends to plant the Golden Willow or any other willow (Pur- urea Vinivalis), and to use its small twigs for tying purposes. Tie tightly, and as young canes grow, keep them tied, but, in all cases, take care against tying too tightly, as the free flow of sap may be ob- structed. | The ground is now plowed and hoed again, as described before
preceding figures), canes can be ring the third year, and each of ite canes will probably bear two or three bunches of - fruit. There is danger of their being injured
should be tLinned out by taking away all im- perfect bunches and feeble shoots. In order to secure future fruitfulness of the vine, and to keep it at the same time in our convenient con- _ trol, we should allow no more wood to grow than we need for next seasops’ bearing, and for this purpose we resort to Spring pruning, gen- erally, though improperly, called: SUMMER PRUNING.
The time to perform the first summer pruning is when the young shoots are about six inches long, and when you can see plainly all the small bunches—the embryo fruit. We commence at the lower two spurs, having two buds each, and both started. One of them we intend for a bearing cane next summer; therefore, allow it
to grow unchecked for the present, tying it, if long enough, to the lowest wire. Th her,
which we intend for a spur again next fall, we pinch with the thumb and finger to just beyond
Fig. 2. Fig. 25. the last bunch or button, taking out gio leader
between the last bunch and the next leaf, as shown in fig. 24, the cross line uaa where the leader is to be pinched off. e now come
22 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
to the next spur, on the opposite side, where we also leave one cane to grow unchecked, and pinch off the other.
We now go over all the shoots coming from the arms or laterals tied to the trellis, and also pinch them beyond the last bunch. Shonld any of the buds have pushed out two shoots, we rub off the weakest; we also take off all barren or weak shoots. If any of them are not sufficiently developed we pass them over, and go over the vines again, in a few days after the first pinch- ing.
The bearing branches having all been pinched back, we can leave our vines alone until after the bloom, only tying up the young canes from the spurs, should it become necessary. But do not tie them over the bearing canes, but lead them to the empty space on both sides of the vine, as our object must be to give the fruit all the air and light we can.
By the time the grapes have bloomed, the lat- erals will have pushed from the axils of the leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over these again, and pinch each loderal back to one leaf, as shown in fig. 25. Ina short time, the laterals on the fruit bearing branches which have been pinched will throw out suckers again. These are stopped again, leaving one leaf of the young growth. Leave the laterals on the canes intended for next years’ fruiting to grow un- checked, tying them neatly with bass or paw- paw bark, or with rye straw to the wires.
If you prefer training your vines on the hori- zontal arm system (fig. 22) the mode of summer pruning will be in the main the same. Pinch off the end of each upright shoot as soon as it has made two leaves beyond the last bunch of fruit; the shoots after being stopped will soon start, and after growing a few inches should be stopped again, as we wish to keep them within the limits of the trellis, and the laterals should be stopped beyond its first leaf. Thus we try to keep the vine equally balanced in fruit, foli- age and wood. It will be perceived that fall pruning, or shortening-in the ripened wood of the vine, and summer pruning, i Ag
and thinning out the young growth, have o and the same object in view, namely, to Rey
the production of and ripening of the most per- fect fruit, and the production of strong, healthy wood for the coming season’s crop. Both ope- rations are, in fact, only different parts of one
and the same system, of which summer pruning |
is the preparatory, and fall pruning the finishing
part; but while the vine will bear, without ap- parent injury, any reasonable amount of prun-
ing during its dormant state, in fall or winter,
any severe cutting during summer is an unmit-
igated evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known. horticulturist, says: ‘‘All the summer pruning
I would recommend, would be the early rub- bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first:
appearance; leaving only what is required for
next years’ bearing wood. This, with the
pinching or stopping the ends of such shoots or
canes as were disposed to be too rampant in growth, would be all I would ever consider necessary. Some of the most successful grape growers within my knowledge, carefully prune their vines in fall or early spring, and then leave them entirely without summer pruning.” The importance of this matter is so great that
we subjoin—
HUSMANN’S METHOD OF SUMMER PRUNING
[Extract from his excellent articles in the lige Cul- turist’? on this most important operation.]
Without proper and judicious summer prun- ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the fall. Ifyou have allowed six to eight canes to grow in summer where you need but two or three, none of them will be fit to bear a full crop, nor be properly developed. We prune longer in fall than the majority of our vintners, which gives a double advantage; should the frost of winter have injured or killed any of the first buds, we still have enough left; and should this not be the case, we still have our choice to rub off all imperfect shoots; to reduce the num- ber of bunches at the first pinching, and thus retain only strong canes for the next years’ fruiting, and have only large, well developed bunches. |
But to secure these advantages we have cer- tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are glad to see that the attention of the grape grow- ers of the country is thoroughly aroused to the importance of this subject, and that the old practice of cutting and slashing the young growth in July and August is generally dis- countenanced. It has murdered more promising vineyards than any other practice. But people
to run into extremes, and many are now advocating the ‘ jet-nlons,” 2 doctrine. We think th are wrong, steer
is in the middle.
1. Perform the operation EARLY. Do it as soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this time you can oversee your vine much easier. Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do
‘
GRAPE MANUAL.
23
not rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can- not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the plant and the elevators of the sap). You can do three times the work that you can perform a week later, when the shoots have become hard- ened, and intertwined by their tendrils. Re- member that the knife should have nothing to do with summer pruning. Your thumb and finger should perform all the work, and they can do it easily if it is done early
Perform it thoroughly and systematically. Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood for next year. These are left unchecked; but do not leave more than you really need. Re- member that each part of the vine should be thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too much, none of the canes will ripen their wood as thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each has room, air and light. Having selected these, commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing off all superfluous shoots, and all which appear weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm or part of the vine, pinching every fruit bearing branch above the last bunch of grapes, or, if this should look weak or imperfect, remove i and pinch back to the first perfectly cancaad bunch. Should the bud have pushed o or three shoots, it will icone $e jattnnte * leave only the strongest, and remove the bal- ance. Do not think that you can do part of ita little later, but be unsparing in taking away all you intend to take this time. Destrey all the caterpillars, and all the insects you find feeding on the vines, the steel-blue beetle, who will eat into the buds. But protect the lady-bug, man- tis, and all the friends of the vine.
We come now to the second stage of summer pruning. After the first pinching, the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot, oppo- site the young bunches. Our second operation consists in pinching each of these laterals back to one leaf as soon as we can get hold of the shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young vigorous leaf additional, opposite to each bunch of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap, and also as an excellent protection and shade to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves grow where there was but one before, and ata place where they are of more benefit to the fruit. By our method, our rows of vines have the appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of the fruit properly shaded, and yet each part of the
=
_ vine is properly ventilated. We come now to
.young growth
another of those accidental discoveries, which has proved of great use to us in the m
ment of the Concord, Herbemont, Taylor, etc. In the summer of 1862, when a piece of Con- cord, planted 1861, was growing rapidly, a se- vere hail storm cut up the young shoots, com- pletely defoliating them, and breaking the ten- der and succulent shoots at a height of about two feet. The vines were growing rapidly, and the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves im- mediately pushed out laterals, which made very fair sizedcanes. In the following fall, when we commenced to prune, we found from three to five of these strong laterals on each cane, and accordingly shortened them in to from three to five and six buds each. On these laterals we
raised on the strong canes; a learned to imitate hail storms by pinching the leaders of young shoots when they have rehe say two feet, forcing out the laterals, and grow- ing our fruit on the latter, thus meeting with another illustration of the old proverb, ‘It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good.”
After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing branches, as described above, the laterals will generally start once more, and we pinch the again to one leaf, thus giving each lateral two well developed leaves. The whole course should be completed about the middle of June here, and whatever grows after- wards should be left. In closing, let us glance at the objects we have in view:
1. To keep the vines within proper bounds, so that it is at all times under the control of the vintner, without weakening its constitution by robbing it of a great amouut of foliage.
2. Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time when no vigor has been expended in its Jevel- opment.
3. Developing strong, healthy in 8: by forcing the growth of the laterals and having two young, healthy leaves opposite 2ach bunch, which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc- tors of the sap to the fruit.
. Growing vigorous canes for next year’s jiiting and no more, thereby making them ronger; as every part of the vine is thus ac- cessible to light and air the wood will ripen bet- ter and more uniform
5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine, this is done more thoroughly and systematically than by any other process.
BUSHBERG
CATALOGUE.
FALL OR WINTER PRUNING.
This may be performed at any time, dur- ing mild days, while the vine is in a dormant state, generally from November to March, but should be done at least a week before vegeta- tion is likely to commence. Tender varieties,
which require covering, must, of course, be | mber
pruned in Nove
Different varieties will require somewhat dif- ferent treatment, some varieties (strong grow- ers) will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old wood, than on the young canes, retaining the healthy, strong
whereas, others (only moderate growers) will flourish and bear best when pruned short and to a cane of last season’s growth.
e observing vintner will find some hints in our descriptive catalogue, but only by prac- tice and experience can he learn the best method for each varie
The fellcteton are the views of Mr. Husmann on this subject:
Some varieties will bear more readily and larger bunches upon the laterals of the young canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old bearing branches, and some will fruit readily upon the principal canes. This should govern you in i
Most of the strong growers of the Labrusca species, wena Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per- kins, etc.,) as as some of its more vigorous Hybrids, i Wilder, etc.,) and especially some Austivalis, (Herbemont, Cunningham, Louisiana, Rulander,) will fruit best on the lat- erals of the young canes of last summer’s growth provided they are strong enough, which they will be if they have been pinched according to our directions; the fruit buds at the base of the principal canes are seldom well developed, and will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened in to from two to six eyes each, according to their strength. All these rank growers should have plenty to do, that is they should be pruned
class (Cynthiana and Norton’s Virginia), pro- duce best on spurs on two or three year old canes; they = also bear better on sngpead on laterals
n main canes, but do not produce their best ah until they can be ‘‘ spurred in” on old arms. For this purpose, select for your spurs
strong, well ripened shoots, cut them back two to three eyes each, and cut out all the small and imperfect ones. You may leave from thirty to fifty buds, according to the strength of your vine, and always bear in mind that you can re- duce the aneinsien of bunches, when summer pruning.
A third class obaeaie readily andabundantly from the main canes. This comprises the vari- ties which do not grow very strong, the more tender Labrusca and all of more or less Vinifera characteristics, viz: the Alvey, Cassady, Creve- ling, Catawba, Delaware, Iona, Rebecca.— These will produce best on short canes of say six eyes, short pruning, and the old renewal plan may be as good as any for them. There is also much more danger of overtasking (his class than both of the others, and they should never be allowed to bear too much.
Grape Culturist, Nov. 1870.
From the above it will be seen that different methods apply to different varieties, and we may add that they ought to be also modified ac- cording to other circumstances. Those, there- fore, who have recommended various and con-
in mind the intelligent vintner will soon learn how far one or the other systems is best appli- cable in his case.
SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.
We may now consider the vine as fully estab- lished, able to bear a full crop, and when tied to the trellis in spring, to present the appear- ance as shown in fig. 26
(Fig. 26.) The operations are precisely the same as in
the third year. If you train your vines on the horizontal system, the upright canes, which were pruned back to two buds each, will now produce two shoots each, If more than one shoot should proceed from each of these two buds, or if other shoots should start from small
GRAPE MANUAL.
t seventy Baishbe to every vine, the — cael after planting. These canes are now be treated the same, as regards stopping, ith laterals, etc., during each subsequent year 0 their growth.
ere are many other modes and systems of training, but the same general rules and princi- ples prevail in nearly all. There is one well authenticated fact in the fruiting of the grape, viz: that the finest fruit, the best, earliest and largest crops are produced upon the strongest shoots of the previous years’ rowth. The only proper system of pruning
false impressions with reference to any m
under very indifferent treatment. In all sys- tems of training which involve the retention of wood beyond five or six years, as in the case of spur pruning, and the methods with permanent horizontal branches, it is absolutely essential to
rom e base of the plant. Fixed rules can hardly be given for an operation which requires so much thought and such close acquaintance with the growth and paneing habits of the different varieties.
If you desire to train your vines for arbors or on walls, leave but one shoot to grow during the first summer, and if necessary even the sec- ond, so that it may get very strong. Cut back to three eyes in fall, these will each throw out a strong shoot, which should be tied to the arbor
ce are designed to cover, and allowed to grow | three canes will be cut back |
nchecked. These in the fall following to three buds each, which will give us three principal branches, each with their canes the third or fourth season; of each of these branches, cut next fall one cane to two eyes, and the others to six or more buds, ac- cording to the strength of the vine, then gradu- ally increase the number of branches and cut back more severely those pe fruited. In this manner a vine ean be made in the course of
buds near the arms ae the aah cas one 8 1 othe
25 e to cover a large space, ghee a large pom of fruit, and get very o Those who desire further 1afbrmiation and di- rections on various modes of pruning and train- ing, or on the culture of grape vines in glass houses, we refer to Chorlton’s Grape rs’ Guide; Fuller’s Grape Culturist; Hoare’s Cul- tivation of the Grape-vine on open Walls; and other books on Grape Culture, especially also : an article on Pruning and Training the Gra vine, by Wm. Saunders, United States Beier ment of Agriculture. Report,
The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and as we cannot remo nd can even
early and late frosts. You have been impresse
the necessity of clean promt ttc stirring the soil, * of
proper training, ’and of thinning the fruit. It you dis-
regard these points, even his healthiest ae most vig-
— varieties of Vinge | will become diseas “ The
“7 7 hl disease, dfit-dew 18
It is a pra iwe ‘distinet zigeal are infesting our vines. The one “ Odium Tuckeri,’’ of Europe, shows a powdery appearance on the upper atten of leaves, td frequently fo
and berries ite tac oe ee corrode and prevent the pre swelling of the pa tacked. Grapes that are touched ae it, will gl an ng d spot, hard and brown, the portions of the berry not attacked, will swell es hey and all that this hurt portion can do is
Peronospora, and | shows itself on the under surface ME the leaves, aauaie looki it Hike a small poet of whitish-brown, do mat to leaf, nae a ‘ perfect parasite; it destroys the part where it a 8, the sun a hole, and it is called sities. leat blight ete. pa if you say that it is mildew—oh, no! I never had any mildew. Being confin ed to the rae surface of tke leaves it mildew is en- cou a by continued damp, rainy ane or even constant heavy dews, followed by still, balmy days ; SN ere ae ie A J bee leaving the fohlage.” Wm. Saunders. are aware of the fact that in certain se: sand
"*We season: peculiar diem neglected Mca beg yah filled with grass and weeds have diseases and borne full crops, while
ss
well hoed aia tivated ae gi suffered severely, es- cially from ro¢; but the rule holds nevertheless i in general. Ai f seve routh, for instance, fall ploughing may cause the evaporation of the scanty maini oisture in the loosene: soil and render the exhaus' y to seve ile the e uld serve as a protectio pat
en glass after a gag or two a and —— of their vines was
‘
DISEASES OF THE GRAPE VINE. v\/
ts re
a
why U¥ta
26 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
e Euro varieties are more eae = wate dis- than our pet sess sorts. In Fran d Ger- many it is successfully combated with “ponies ot peers ei often applied, on the lower surface of the With our prices of labor it would scarcely be sullaaisios except in cold graperies or garden culture, and it is best not to plant largely of those pervert which are very liable to this disease The Rot ere are several kinds of Rotin the ber- ries, (well known to all cultivators to
pecially prevalent in heavy soils and during wet sea- sons; (at | the dry climate am ewe seems a complete safeguard against both m and rot,) and
ursue is to choose varieties — are least liable to be secs and to plant them tae ined soil.
Si another disease, or, probably, va an-
S fected by the one are very likely to be attacked by the oni § another species of fungus called rust, and Toke diseases, but they are ick cy less injurious mw formidable than the many n
INSECTS.
[our limited space only permits us to briefly refer to a few of those insects which we have found most inju- rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treatises on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them we are indebted to the ni ere Entomological Reports of the State of Missouri
THE GRAPE FAYLLOXERA:
Phy 77,
Among the insects Beeaphage e the Grape-vine none have ever attra ERA, which, Bi ey pouena characteristics, was u known when the first edition of this little ioe oh on e-vines Was Wri The gall-inhabit- ing type of this insect, itis true, was noticed by our
the roots of young vines to be sites off, in order to get
never , nor of any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on the Cultivation of the Native Grape, 16 pages are devoted to its inse ts. In the estes of 1869 M. J. Lichten: the opinion ftrestiok so much at- ciate was identical with the American
ix the equal quantity: of ve aoe lime, har yd ena ¥ the p peader aid of bellows, ‘e which a very c ve eis manufactured for th se. par is made as soon eins: > oO are off, in June, and re peated once a month during the summer. th ure an even distribution in a time
tisto i << make sure work, this application paseue he mae made ee ere: rie ong signs of i mildew appear, and repeated 8 or 4
times during the seaso:
of this insidious little root-louse; also,
Lea eaf-gall Louse, (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pem-
phigus vitifolie); and in 1870, Pro . Ri - eeded in establishing the identity of their gall insect with giesih and also the id piousdd of the galla
France; Pally nee of Prof. Roessler, in Klosterneu- burg in Aus’
After iui — in 1871, and then — his observations here, some of sepa aye made in our teers us se aaa
Tro:
native varieties, are mainly owin that some of our native varieties oe 4 ca immunity from the insects’ attacks ’’—M. Lalim f Bordeaux, having
. usly DBoOvced tne
previo American vi fe the midst a Ye vines —— from the effects-of Phylloxe The
these eavionetion to grape spanner eannot ce too hgh appreciated. The French Minister of Agricu com- missioned Professor Planchon, of Meanenier ba to visit this country to study the insect here—the h oes
0 our vine r of resistance which these
an ich will be very apt to dispel much of th vichebies' against them that has so universally ae TT heretofore. To discuss this subject as it deserves; to give a his- tory of the Grape Phylloxera; exper
ceed the scope of this ‘bilet ah this subject would already ai a feepectate library. We can here merely mention a few facts, and give some
sect; and we refer those who de information to Prof. Riley’ s Entomological Reports, especially i Si which we cull
arge are
a
find the mother louse diligently a nd: herself with pale-yellow eggs, deaiodly (.01) the one hun-
*While this is going to press we learn fro Lame hen iaferabe cum rmany, that the sgn aeta t been found in three different — sf gremaouet dnd Gar sruhe and Worm rms) always on the roo a which, however, did not show the Bo atighiont 2 peng mi of disease.
e The full report of Prof. Planchon has ih been pub- lished in the — ofa bg 3 chaser msn ittle vipneoneh aan vot feta ericaines,]
spin ae i Paris 1875
GRAPE MANUAL. 27
[Under side of Leaf covered with Galls.]
dredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as thick. She is sbout st inch long, of a aud ‘orange color, and
lane. The e eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight days old, into active — phetnet thei
= these bap lice scatter over ine f them finding
a iy the aaa terminal
eh and com e pumping oO and appropriating the sap, > forming galls and stra Pt eggs,
a‘ HATCHED LARVA;] a,
b © [NEWLY ventral; 5, dorsal view. |. ate. Itis an important fact that the gall-inhabit- ing insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous female form. Itis but a transient summer state, not at all es- sential to the perpe
[MorHER GaLt-Louse; ventral few of its and dorsal views ] been noticed on 5 and abortive attempts are often sinks
to found them on others. And in some seasons it is even _— find a few galls on the very vines on which they w e very abundant the -_ before.
wire aps h the
from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise in the air and spread to new vine- yards, where they deliver them- selves of their issue in the form
these eggs which are probably depos- ited in the crevices on the su face of the groun nd, near the base of the vine, spenoes wd sexual individuals,
[MALE PHYLLOXERA; t Ventral View. or of taking food. ey are silti active and couple readily. Every piece of root having rootlets, taken from an infected vine during August or September, will present
some 2 re winged fe
gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We may i m this fact of the immense number
that disperse through the air to new fields, from a single
acre of infected vines in the course of the late summer
[Type RaDICICOLA; showing the tubercles by which it is distinguished 5 Gallicola.]
and cies months. owe have, therefore, the oo of an
:
ued existence, even when confin ed t
It spreads in the wingless state from vine to
vine and from vineyard to vineyard, when these are jace ith rough passages in th nd i
the same time it is able in the
_ condition, to migrate to much more distant
points. if ies the above account we add that occasionally in-
28
.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE,
dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor- mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves certain varieties of eapkesitenn we a in a general y, the natural history of the spe The annexed figure shows the anil swelling of
ee — beyond, until hens rally wastes away. ring he first year = attack there are scarcely any outward manifestations of disease; only the second and third year—when the fibrous roots have vanished, and th n rmatioi
lor arance oi the leaf, and e vine dies. When vine is about dy- ing, it is oo impossible to - the cause of the death, the lice having previously left for fresh pas- ae " is frequently ut ease with injurious insects, the ote shows a preference for and thrives best on
certain species, and chive? diseri ee between ties, or what amounts to the e thing, mii some oe or varieties, causie its attacks and relative immunity from i‘s injuries. A k caeitdes a rane relative susceptibility of different varieties to the and i ct, is therefore of para- Information on this subject, based
lone iananitiaee: a
2 {fvPr a healthy b, ae ages the age are. pe Bora asin repeesan ting. "the Knots and swellings caused z — unetures;¢, a t that has been deserted _ ere tentiets have com- / pe stngenndingronaey fs a, ret g ow eee ve are rn ge jew. ] Du as
on the researches of Prof. Riley, in addition to careful observation and experiments, made duri
alogue, both in the “ Dectiptic s to Dr. Engelmann’s * eciatibation of Spe- i. bee 4—12.) he reasons why certain vines thus barged exemption while hase so readily succumb, cannot be fully ascer- tained, but in a broad way it may be stated that there is a relation between the susceptibility of the vine and the character of its roots—the slow-growing, more ten- der-wooded consequently tender-rooted varieties Merrie. the nai readily. We see in the general resistibility of our purely na-
ri vines n e Phylloxera, a remark- able verification of that law h in has so ably
established and pesmi § expressed, as “* THE SUR- VIVAL OF THE
TTEST Professor Riley, in explaining “ Why the insect is “* There
nine the attacks of the —_— the contrary, succumbs mor
of its more tender and cue n has not been a is ae to the ps
known fact that diseas so paras
paratively harmless st peoples long accustomed to them, become viru} ften fatal when first intro- duced among h 0 uncontaminated peoples
keep it within due oo are lacking in Europe; and e before the closely allied Kuro- pean predaceous a will prey upon and check it there to the same € extent. ress Phylloxera will, also, all other thi
counixics where the 1 Ae ae and shortness of the min-
hylloxera, in both types, is aeand on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such wild vines in a state of nature are ever killed by ing With their ing arms embracing shrub tree, their oe habit unchecked by the ee knife, these s have a correspo anid render
more nearly these n employed in the ravaged French districts, where the ee are grown in greater proxim- ity and allowed to trail upon the ground, or are sup- ported to a single io mane. id
Again, aft 2 of the] I ft wi
win Asset
fall, he adds the tollowing cogent re
number of the New York Tribune: *‘The winged Phylloxera is wafted about, and et aps her a or,
in other words, deliver herself of y, wher-
ever she happens to settle. If this 3 upon hi
vine, well and good—the young live and propagate, nag
y,
GRAPE MANUAL, 29
anee other plants, they perish. We thus have the pectacle of aspecies uae wasting itself toa greater
or ts extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most
species produce a superabundance of seed, the larger i i i s in
while mber a bate in the fe tea of Rae idebei interven- ing between our vineyards.” Under the pune of a wre reward (800,000 francs) appropriated for y the French Govern- ment, Sead pie aay ey proposed and ex-
periments einnde during the last five years | bu t no rem- edy has
pag or is “ppb to all conditions of soil. Submer- sion is an efiica s remedy, nm most and espec- Boe on ae beer hilly viens sass is imprac- ticable. An admixture of sand in the soil is also of service, as the root-louse oe a thrive on sandy soils. Sulp h bonate of potassa and coal-tar are now men-
port o pote in 5 ee to 1874, states that manures nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy s sulp!
an nia and hich treatment 8 soils; and ‘és none this porosity he shui raising the soil from a great plat: witout crite _ = He then p hal foot of the stock and irri- ite) A gas is is ~ ee by the mer ga which oa stroys great a. polars enti g ers seem not to believe inal 5 Saeupliciaes, or consider them hapten too costly, and their ap-
however, im n of our vines and cuttings has been prohibited by law, to prevent the introduction of the dreaded insect.
While this may be a wise precaution where the in- not exist, we fear that it comes ftoolate. Its existence hese veral years in an in England also, and its having heen discovered i aoe localities paste a tend to thwart the very object of na prohibition, which i the German vine i tlotta Riley and Planchon pe detsbitished the ra that the insect is indigenous
tin pee and there is little doubt but that it was first im- po A can vines, Yet it must not be su ines ln -
sarily infested with Phylloxera, or that the insect has been ro in every tocali ty*w here our vines have been On the con ere are localities where, ant ris ides sere of the vineyards, or the nature of the soil, it is difficult to find the er. and like many other indigenous nat dh it is in so
very numerous ave ng = others er to be seen. There is no positive evidence yet that it ca imported on calles: thbtch ae transport is not a
possible. It should be Ser ad also that vines im-
ported in late winter or early spring, cannot possibly
carry the insect, even if infected, in any other than the
egg or larva form; as no win, P
cases,
prohibiting the importatio
nou-infected oe. it would seem unwise to
from those districts oe oa the use x) bsgead
i i t’s attacks
on tha’ insect would’ voted Oe ee pao. unpacked were placedin .
a bath of strong anneal: he ee ess of the evil,
however, even justifies wile meas
THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER. (Erythroneura vitis.)
A ag generally but erroneously called spotted ee as to deal with. It is avery active lit ttle ap
ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round catckly
peg nai) men tcieooam spproached
illin, these leaf-hoppers w rusty and sickly appearance, while the leaves often drop gprs! and the fruit in consequence fails to ripen. Ther several species attacking the Vine—all belonging ee aes same genus, however, and only differing } incolor. The natural history of this insect is not perigee eg entom- olo Herrin but Prof. Riley i eggs are t into the leaf-stems. Tobacco- ee and soap- vy are “ynegaripee ay in the books, to be syringed on the vines a remedy; but we would recommend
smeurin, stakes in Spring with soft soap or other sticky substance, and burning the leaves in the Fall — hoppers fly to the light of toreh 5 a hey
mei nchecking ee face ch remedy is most effectual when three persons work in company, en re Nonge wine the torch, and one on
ps betw
rther side rows to give the trellis a ike shake wad pa ae hoppers.
Tue GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER. (Desmia le = te is a worm of ag pn 85 eolor, very active,
riggling, jumping and jerking either way at ever
rice it folds rather than vols the leaf, by fastening The
Keune b
i Peak Cai the fold of the leaf. The moth is conspicuously marked a black pre white, all the eles being bordered and spotted as in the annexed
30 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
iene ee ne eae nena eoe Te Sy
B Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not 2 g Wr eieeds s Chrymaie Pe Tea tenes poothe T ‘that it also breeds in dead oak stumps,
y h th ound from one place figures. _— male is distinguished from the female by and can travel —— oe P
middle, while ‘ . ty corollary that it will not do to leave oak sturaps to those of the female are simple - threadtke The rot'on ground 4 intendéd for a vineyards thet moths apnea a ee 3 ya psshiseensiocin kaa hich our experience corroborates. Little can be done —. s ws _ “4 se ated in the way of extirpating these underground borers, — : pe eke their presence being only carne by the death of the thin the leaf. The last brood hybernates in Whe find vines suddenly dying frou
hands vine, ~ chrgsalis ‘ns ae inate ee ae a any cause unknown, search ‘for this borer, and upon — = ost . ee eee . finding one, (in each case we have found but oneat each _ * tree or vine) put an end to his existence.
burning the dead leaves in the F;
Tue GRAPE-VINE FIDIA. THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Fidia viticida.) (Haltica chalybea.)
This beetle, often miscalled the
a= Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of
e Grape-vi mak
bugs e dish. When s quantity have thus been caught, throw them into the fire or pour h ater u t schel, of H :
he had to do was to start them in the vineyard witha boy in front to shake the reno ab tier and he himself
behind the chicks. They picked up every beetle that fell to the ground; and nif season The could scarcely find a single Fidia.
THE GIGANTIC ROOT-BORER. (Prionus laticollis.)
- [e, Jarvs. natural size; b, do. magnified; c, cocoon;
Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very promt protien hind thighs, ie! means of which
di flicult oy nabs.
The color of the he otis varies from steel-
blue to metallic-green and purple. The bee- es hibernate in a torpi
This rer is often met with in and aboutthe | damage at this early season by boring into and scooping roots afk eae: kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the out the unopened buds. As the leaves expand, they Pear e Grape, to which it is very destructive. feed on these, and soon Spal and deposit their small It aloes aa roots, entirely severing them in many | orange eggs in clusters on the underside of gt bred instances, so vines soon die. When fully | These eggs soon hatch into dark-colored larve, grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms may be found of all sizes during the latter part of Masia
GRAPE MANUAL, 31
largest ribs. A dus ting of dry lime kills the larvee, but “the beetle has to be caught and kill
and early pers. ne J ane, Sengrally on she | upper side of the leaf,
CH LUCY
THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH. (Lobesia botrana.)
[a, moth; b, worm; c, hole made in berry; a, ariel caused by worm.]
Saad
rotting
attracted attention about seven bi o. About the first of July the gra that a
tacked by the worm begin to ae a Asolored vs
at the point where the worm entered. Upon o
su seas a gra] pe, the ree = Me found at the sn ofa Ite s to feed on the pulp of
the fruit, and upon PS a seeds, generally eats
out their interior.
hf hanges chrys- In about ten days after ye last ieBhe takes out of the cocoon and
as upon racking off = awe and water, countless Sie of these worms un in aieas sediment. This styphte was named paar viti- y Dr. Packard, in this country, but Prof. Riley betaces us oak it is Piece an importation from Europe, where it is known as Lobdesia botrana TH OSE-CHAFER. (Waerodacylu subspinosus.) This is the true “‘ Rose-bug,’’ injurious to many plants, but especially hard on grape
larva develops under ground,
very, well = with in this stage of its life.
with itin the beetle form,
and there is no other effectual means than by hand- vessels
picking, or by shaking into vessel: on to sheets.
This work can be greatly facilitated by t dvant of the insect’s tastes and preferences. Its a
great predilection for the Clinton, and its close allies,
of all of the Grape-vi
prereeripiae nncsing and leave others unmolested, where
it has who = — with this
a! 3 beetle will no raer in take the hint.
THE GRAPE CURCULIO.
(Caliodes inequalis.)
[a, berry infested ; b, larva; c, beetle; the hair line show- ing natural len ngth. J
The larva of this cur in June and July, cry a little black hole i in n the ekin, anda poesia aati bry bom ore around it, as in the From the middle to the
hae of July this rs whee the berry and varies itself
y his cur ous, being of a black color ey above, the "ae
atural size at ets searely ote, being Behe deaper killed by parasites. It is s that nature works: “ Eat and be eaten, kill and ay xilted: ”? is one of her universal bette and we can never say with surety because a particu insect is numerous one year, therefore it will be so ths ext.
Allinfested berries should from time to time, as they are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the beetle may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum Cur-
ulio.
are several CUT WORMS, which eat the young, Ww
There are many other insects injurious to the Grape- die nies solitary worms—insects which lay eggs in the canes—others which make curious galls, etc.; but the reader ie desires an acquaintance with these, must refer . Riley’s repo
Besides he insect, you will kava yet other enemies
8 Keep them off with powder and shot.
GATHERING THE FRUIT.
Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick the grape before it is stil ripe. Every grape will color before ripe; some do ee weeks te gee when
ee ripe the sn rus brown and sbrivels whe ee the finest - ualities, the eweetn toess and
perfectly ing varieties as far § superior, rt co% for wine, mie the early kinds; but, of course, only in such localities w
32 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
late grapes Will mature. This noble fruit does not ripen, ~ some other Nt. fas id pane gathered. Always ather r, and wait till the dew
out os
unri that the bloom shall not be rabbed off, nor any of tee berries broken, if they are to be sent to market, or to be kept into winter. For packing grapes for market, shallow boxes, hold- ing from three to ten pounds, and engne ially manufac- tured for th grape regions, costing about one cent per pound, are used. In packing, ben top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin white ut in; whole bunches of grapes are first put in; Ay vacant peroes Je = are Siled with Lore OF bunches, so that all box packed, as closely and as full as possible, without
fas)
boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found at the to}
p.
Grapes could be easily preserved for months if you had room or cellar, where the temperature could be kept between 35° anc 40°. In a warm, damp atmos-
he ‘ot. Mr. tage recommends, for preserving grapes, to bring them first into a ooo! room, spread them onal ba let bd 3 remain there for a
pack them a ing the bunches meth together, and thick TEE ori eee. Geterocd each la When the boxes are filled put them away in a Sas
is this ay- ing two bunches of fruit attached and place tke cee end in a small bottle of water, through a perforat cork; seal the hicagi eut end of the branch and also me cork with sealin; e charcoal in the water
w this care and still less ras a fruit
room cellar, cage can be Kept po cool (40° Late! fresh and beautiful, in a porous, unglazed aed ie Jar, manufactured for hoe purpose by T. on fel Mae Ills., who says: laid unt
in them as soon as picked, and any ap to the cellar or basement, ; or some cool place where they can aare both
above ground, sprinkle the floor 0 oceasionally, and let
the lime is to prevent mould. These jars can be used again from year to year, only they should be first seaksil in stro rine and then od a inside, before they are fi , If grapes les Peg so i and in as fine eondi ie on as we have
them last January (1875), these jars are really a csatali a ae We have none of these jars for sale, nor do we know where be obtained, except, piers from the manufacture:
Aalhini +h
grape. ~ ~ delightfully nutritious constituents, in is by
WINE MAKING.
" Winei is like x rain- falli 1, it augments dirt;
e have been urged es Seboay’ in this ‘wee a haste upon this subject, we intended to do so, ut the very attempt to write it only proved tous most couse, a it is ¢mpossible to furnish, within limited se of this Ca amines ; anything that porno be vata either as a guide to the inexperi- n or as a vade mecum to the edie tes i. gr seer ears and amateur grape grow esires to transform his su ae pel into that in- ae iS beverage, “ Wine,’’ we refer to emelin’s Wine Makers Manual, and Husmann’s Grapes and Wine. The professional, experienced vintner will not look to this little Manual for information, and those grape ~sten who desire to make seale, withou ssessing themselves sufficient knowl- edge nie han it—we can only advise to engage
wine ous a large
© 4: ° wr BS 3 25 be 2] i-" cS) = > 3 oF ian | @® = oe z in @ — = =] 2
mistry, who may only
adulterate the wines by his saeitis ited on
the contrary, we would prefer a plain ‘* wine c
tend to wines himself Poa his h
ere to watch t
and bottles, but every part and corner of your cellars most admirably clean If you should say that you cannot afford to ‘Keep such
you can certainly afford to pay such a man, und to pay ps well, at least until you or your sons have learned rom him
ph orday on nly shall we be aanth to produce the best, to es-
tablish a tree for Ame: of Europe, and to compete wit
d grape growing permanently profitable.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
NOTE TO THE READER.—The prigtiteed descriptions of our rosea a be oebepiete are HP Aaland the most complete y be
that have so far appeared; but al all description by words
dequate, and ev ven
idk,
ut = y belongs, that thes ti
I e hav varie ety the species to which it seems most closely allied, or a 2 weap it miiziiedee Firs he
Full -f:
nte] ligi bl
, therefore, “ts with
SMALL CAPITALS, then the species in atk a nage thus: (Cord.) for Cordifolia or rather Riparia; (Labr.) for Labrusea, and (2st) for Estivalis. (a (see to 1
S given the
pages 6
scriptions of varieties which are discarded, and not propagated by us, also of new i. bitin se m
0 gro Where the weight of Sete! re it is to show the sugar in deg
mills by Twitchell’s acidomete
Adirondac. (Zabdr.) Originated at Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; (first noticed 1852.) Probably a seedling of the Isabella, being much like it in growth and = age: Ripens nie ear- ly—about the same tim lific Bunch large, oleae not fersicoratai ee large, oblong, black, covered with a detioéte bloom, transparent, with a tender pulp; thin skin; juicy and vinous; quality best, ‘“* when you can get MEM 00° »—<<Phe nearest approach to a foreign grape.” smann.
Reports tai generally satisfactory. A slow, tender grow oung vines have mildewed, and older ones desks rotection. Blooms early, and fruit destroyed “eh late frosts. Roots very weak and tender. Wine, agreeable flavor, low in sugar and acid.
advance. One of Mr. Rickett’s* new seedlings, a cross between Otto and Black Hamburg. ‘*‘A su- perior grape, and, as a whole, perhaps in advance of all his others. The berry is black, with a slight blue pshape roundish oval; bunch large, long and shouldered;
Reed R. Elliot, N. ¥. ies large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any pulp sweet and very Sen ee the best y grape we have yet met with. Vine healthy, vig- orous and productive, but the fruit rotted badly this season. Fully ripe at this time, July 30, 1874.—Sam. Miller, Bluffton, mm ;
Alexander. Syns: Carr, BLACK CaPE, SCHUYL- KILL Veoh atten yee TANTIA, SPRINGMILL CON- STANTIA, CLIFTON’S CONSTANTIA, TASKER’S GRAPE,
ne
*See Rickett’s Seedling Grapes.
WINNE, RoTHROCK of Princ
y might we refer to the natural habit of sated of bani healthy hing or training to a given syste rees on Oechsle’s siete and the acid in
vary
» YORK Lis-
EVA BON. (Zabr.) This a was first wiiireres by Mr. de’ enn, on the banks of the Schuylkill, aear Philadelphia; before the wa
revolution. It is not unfreque from the wild Fox Grap
ntly found, asa ers of o
r of the Papeete oods
American grape culture veiene! oper ay the planting
of this variety, at the b
agacity to their former seme (in mage a Ky., 1790—
1801 aradibeahy > substi isuted a native vines do not
to establi good wine, resembling claret, was made from the Cape,
and it was the favorite of form placed by the Catawba. (The
ey until it was dis-
Cape is si
milar to
above, differing only in its s gas which is greenish. hite.) .Downing describes it as follows: ‘ Bunches
rather compact, ek shouldered oval; skin thick, quite black; pulp, but juicy; makes a very fair wi
3 berries of medium si. flesh with a very firm
uite sweet
and musky when fully ie which is not till the last of
| October. Leaves much mo W.
re downy than
those of the
va pong be = abet Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine,
Wht
ican grapes, but ‘‘ ig) profit ean only tenth of the latter variety
Catawba and the Cape; one
ioonbau alive. Of the two recommen
Catawba is much the most lesa subject to
rot. Both make good
eight varieties of Amer- recommend the
above, the
productive, but the Cape wines.’’
34 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
AGAWAM. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 15.)
Agawam. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 15.) Raised { fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. Canes very by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and considered | stout, moderately long, with comparatively few by him as his best variety, before the introduc- | but strong laterals. Wood of average hardness, tion of the Salem. It is a dark red or maroon | and medium sized pith. Buds large and prom- grape, of the Hamburg cross; bunches large, | inent Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports
compact, often shouldered; berries very large, | generally satisfactory; succeeds well. In some roundish ; skin thick; pulp soft; sweet, spright- | localities it has been subject to mildew and rot, 2y, of peculiarly aromatic flavor, and a little of | and Mr. Husmann says: Its strong flavor is to
native aroma; productive, and of great vigor | me far from agreeable. The character of the of growth; roots stout, fleshy and moderately | cluster and leaf is shown in above figure.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 35
Adelaide. One of Jas. H. presser 8 new grapes; pie ie between Concord i res burg. It escribed as of medium oval shape,
fae: with light blue Sieh: et a arth ae sprightly flayor; purplish red flesh.
~ roe ae ae great of UsEWDS; bebe ent 8 ae tawa, Ill.; ripen Prolific. ‘Described in Pratris Farmer: aad dium size, stem long; berries hanging sas Joosely: skin thick, color dark purple; juice nearly black, stain-
a wine grape for northern localities. Not yet disseminated, which is not to be regretted, judging from the above description. :G ARBER’S ALBINO. (Zabdr.) Raised
slightly oval; yellowish or amber color. Flesh ac tough; too late for the north.— Chas, Downing.
Allen’s Hybrid. Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass. ; a cross between the Golden Chas- selas and the Isabella; the first of American hy- brid grapes. Ripens early, about with the Con- cord. Bunches large and long, moderately compact; derries full medium to large; skin thin, semi-transparent; color nearly white tinged with amber; flesh tender and delicate, without pulp, juicy and delicious; has a mild, muscat flavor; quality best. The leaves have a peculiar erumpied eae and partly for- It is apt to mild
anid,
“
collections.
Alvey. Syn: i. Introduced by Dr. rag of Pa orhaag d. Generally classed h st., but its shittedcoriehll point to a dif-
wens Sena Its erect growth, soft and short
to the conclusion that Alvey originated from an intermixture of Vinifera and Aistivalis, crossed
natural hybridization. Bunches medium, loose, shouldered; berries small, round, black; sweet, juicy and vinous, without pulp; a slow grower, making a stout short-jointed wood; moderately productive; roots medium thick, more inclined to the wiry character of the Aist- ivalis class, with a medium smooth liber. Canes remarkably straight and upright, gradually
ng, and not inclined to ram ike most American varieties. Laterals few and feeble; wood rather soft, and with a large pith. These characteristics, together with its thin skin and
total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a ja character. t in quality, and makes one of the best red wines, but is apt to drop its leaves on southern slopes; seems to prefer the deep rich, sandy loam of ae Bagg otic cep or even northern slopes. Must 85°—91°
Fema i in our former edi-
tally apa from the gg pic we obtained from a of 8
friend Sam. Miller, at Bluffton, ; said he says : cht : a large black, thi our expe- d we discard it, It may be the same as ‘‘ Au- gust Phoned
Aminia. (Supposed Rogers’ No. 39.) In Fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers’ un- named hybrids, which we had not yet tested, and aware of the confusion existing as to their numbers, we obtained a few of each No. from different sources at the same time. Of those which we planted as No. 39 three survived, but not two of them were alike. proved especially valuable. To ascertain if this were the true No. 39 we addressed Mr. E. S. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a graft of the original stock of his No. 39, but were in- formed that the original stock was lost!
One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable, that we determined to propagate it, and planted fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other two. rom the commendation given to No. 39 at the quarter-centennial session of the Am. Pomol. Society, by its president, the Hon. M. P. Wilder, we have the more reason to sup that ours is the true No. 39; but to avoid con-
which may or may not be the same, we gave the name Aminia. Bunches medium, slightly shouldered, gemederaials compact, more even, and better on an _— than Rogers’ grapes generally ma 2 berries full medium to large, dark purple, neacis black, with a fine bloom. Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately vig- rous, quite hardy, productive. Deserves to be extensively cultivated as a table grape.
a. Seedling of brouck, Newburg, Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very aiid and healthy
and of a moderat rather loose, of medium size; berries medina color light amber, with small dark specks, covered with white ‘ecan: Rather pulpy.. Ripens with the Catawba.—Not worth planting here; unhealthy and feeble.
36 BUSHBERG ;CATALOGUE.
AUTUCHON.
Autuchon. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 5.) A Seedling of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chas-
g high encomium upon the 1s63! “Thave always considered Martha. the best white native grape, but since seeing and tasting the Antuchon, I haul down my colors. Jf it will like this in
i nd if it ee by coming here like Rogers’ and other Northern
grapes, then it seems - ei we have all that can be desired. It alone treasure.”
It is well that friend Miller qualified his en- comium by ‘“‘ifs,” for the Autuchon did not come up to those expectations; it proved tender and unreliable, in the West at least; its fruit subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding its fine qualities, it will remain but an amateur variety and cannot be recommended for profit- able heer in vineyards.
append an illustration which gives a teu view of the bunch as grown with us, we have never seen any so large as repre- ue by the cut used in our former edition, and which was obtained from the originator.
rnold’s Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) cnc. (No. 2.) Autuchon (No.5.) Brant No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.)
rrot.—(or Arcott?) presi ee bunch
ing the a in oe and good, with a thick skin, good grower, Ss pisductings”s-Bass mann.
Aughwick. (Cord.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra po. Shirley, os Bunches a ed, similar to ; berries r than Clin Sagar juice very a a spicy Peay said to rag ery dark red wine, of superior quality, and to be tients free from rot or mildew; very hardy and healthy. We found it not a8 good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be
‘discarded.
t Pioneer, (Zabr.) Origin unknown; one of the coarsest of native sorts; large, black, mae arm, hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle of Au- gust.— Downing.
aldwin Lenoir. (:st.) Originated at West ronaag rth said to be a seedling of the Lenoir; bunch i r loose; berri
Washington. In foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lincoln.
agg (ZLabr.) ite with Parker Barnes, - Bunches shouldered; medium, coal ae, sige and seams nearly as es as Hart-
ford.— Strong. e have not seen the gra)
Charles Arnold,
cerssful in his ex Dab ora dizing the native Clinton with the pollen of sorta varieties is the Paris seem to be of decided promise
th Saver: our rigs examinat Sti on, but from : having caren them x the last
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
37
Barry. (Rogers’ No.43.) One of the most attractive of his Hybrids. Bunch large, rather ish;
as Vigorous, healthy and hardy a Rogers’ Hybrids. Very productive and early, earlier than the Concord.
Baxter. (Zst.) Bunch ra van long; berry below medium, black; very late ning, hardy and pro- ductive; not fit for table, ‘iat may ve valuable for wine.
idere. (Labr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of Belvidere, Llls., will probably be a a ee market va- i ss, large size and nce. It i is an improvement in bunch and
ITy u isnot if any betters like Hartford, ‘it shows a tenancy to. al from the bunch, mags mt if a little over-ripe. in appearance muc artford Pr olific, only bate to ripen a little preree a eee oce is unnecessary. It is said to be of very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and healthy, and very productive; but so is the Hart- ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough in one variety ot such poor quality.
ks, or se ie (Labr.) Bunch large, shoul- er comipae hs berry large, round, Ted, Nieto pul Pp,
voo WALGW Da,
a good qu of which it isa seedings and perhaps an pee in size and quality; but also more subject to dis
ality 9 VET
Bird’s Egg. Probably a seedling of Catawba,
somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed; berry oval, whitish, with brown specks; flesh pulpy; only good, curiosity.— Downing.
Black Defiance. (Underhill’s 8-8) A splen- did, late table grape, about the best black table
black, with a fine bloom; thea weeks later dan Concord, and much better’ in quality.
ack Eagle. (Underhill’s 8-12.) A Hy-
oy - Labr. and Vinifera. A new, early table
pe, of best quality, not much earlier than
Concord, but far superior to that variety in qual-
ity. af is one of the most beautiful we
know of, very firm, dark green, deeply lobed, of the shape of the foreign.
The vine is of very erect and vigorous growth, hardy and healthy, so far free from mil- dew and rot; roots straight and smooth, almost tough, with a medium fiber; canes remarkably straight and upright, with numerous, but small —— wood firm with medium pith; ch
» moderately compact; berries large, oval, ie with blue bloom; flesh rich and melting,
with little pulp. With Mr. Underhill the fruit set eeptee but it did not show that fault here, and must have been due to unfavorable weather fuerte its floresence at Croton Point. We consider it one of the most promising va- rieties. We give on the following page a full size figure of its bunch and leaf, originally made for Downing.
ack Hawk. A seedling from ny Con-
cor "railed by Samuel Miller. “ Bunch r loose; berry large, black, round, a sab pulp very tender; ripens full as early as the Concord, is superior in quality, and seems to be healthy and hardy.”—George Husmann. find it a week earlier than Concord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that its leaf is so dark
a green as to appear almost black.
Bla (Zabr. ?) Syn. Buanp’s VIRGINIA, foes aren BLAND’s PALE RED, POWELL. It is said to have been found on the easte
3 berries ro stalks, hanging rather rine: skin thin, at first pal green, but pale red when 3; flesh slightly pulpy, oe a pleasant, sprightly secant avor, and with little or cent, but a slight astringency; ripens late; foliage lighter green than that of Cata and more delicate. This vi
8 fro “Fruits of America.” Bland did not succeed or Bee well in the North, and has been lost and abandoned South, but we still recog- nize in it the type of some of our present varieties.
Black King. (Labr.) A hardy and vigorous early grape, 0! of yaad ium size; sweet but foxy.—Strong.
Blooa’s Black. (Labdr.) Bunch medium, compact; medium, round, black, some- what harsh and foxy, but sweet. Very early and productive, and therefore valuable for early marketing. (Resembling Mary Ann, and has often been confounded with it.
Blue Dyer. (Cord:) Bunch medium; ries small, black, very dark juice, promises well for wine.—Husmann.
Favorite. A Southern grape, Vine vigor- co) prominin: bunch above medium; berries medium, round, blue-black, sweet, vinous; much coloring mat- ter; ripe South in September; (does not ripen well North,) idtob t if ine k Dorening.
. JGR 1US eo.
Blue Imperial. (Zabr.) Origin uncertain. Vine vigorous, free from mildew. not productive. medium, short; berry large, round, black; flesh with a hard acid centre or pulp; ripens with Hartford. Infe- rior.— Downing.
its shore of “*
ss y on
L
EZ fe LT
“a
ae Y Y OU,
WY. 2 Be hie KL Yj,
Wi
38
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
BLACK EAGLE. (Underhill’s 8-12.)
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 39
Brant. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 8.) Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black The young leaves and shoots
dark blood red; leaves very deeply lobed, smooth on both sides. Bunch and berry resembling the Clinton in appearance, but greatly superior in flavor when perfectly ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, sm juice, sweet and vinous; seeds sma all and few
worthy of the attention of grape growers.
ges br.) Anexcellent new grape,
. Hooker, of Rochester, N. Y. Bunch. jarge: tae beautifully formed, aig ind
ofa Catawba ep quality and flav vor’ - perior. Should the vine prove hardy, healthy
and productive, it Peal be a valuable addition to our list of grapes. We have been favored with it by the originator for testing here, but are not allowed to disseminate the same for the present.
Bucroughs?’. (Cord.) From eer ys Vine allied to the Clinton. Bunch small; berry round, black, thick bloom; flesh harsh, acid, austere.— Downing.
Burton’s Earl (Labr.) A mag sale poor Fox grape. en eany culture.—
Bottsi. (@st.) The local name for a Veej remarkable grape, grown tleman of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said ti
(including a Paks eomplonely om the
back grou nd
mont Fiat some fifty y years ago from 8. C,
differs from our Herbemont in color, being of a light
k in shade, a dark pink in the fullsun. It may, perhaps, be t e hich mention is made er 6s li ta
mony of Mr. ol - Childs an amateur and rapid g Sseth. ormous nade us yg ad 2
as tr it:
fruitfulness and Ps viig from rot,
with nsid that long neglected but most important class of Ameri- vines, and shall disseminate it among southern
(Labr.) A new grape, origi- nated in the garden of Mr. Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass, and now introduced by Mess. Hovey & Co., of Boston, as “of the highest merit.” They describe it as follows: ‘It isa black grape, somewhat resembling Concord, but with more oval berries. Bunches large an
BRANT.
shouldered ; berries large, with avery thin skin,
m scribe teas Messrs. Hovey & Co.), we can quite as fully endorse as we did the Concord, just twenty years ago, (1854) and we do not doubt
will attain an equal, if not a higher rank than that variety.”
Camden. (Zabr.) Bunch medium; berry large, greenish white; flesh with a hard centre; acid; poor.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
CANADA.
Canada. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 16.) Raised from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3) rry and It is justly praised for its rich aromatic flavor and delightful bou- quet by all who taste it. Bunch and berry above medium; color black, with a fine bloom; skin thin, free from all harshness and the acid- ity common to other native grapes. A moderate grower, with peculiar foliage; hardy, and ma- tures its wood well. Will prove valuable for wine.
Canby’s August. See York Madéria.
Catawba. Syn. Rep Muncy, CaTawBa Toxay, SrncLetron. (Labr.) This old and well- known variety is a native of North Carolina, and has its name from the Catawba river where
Fancher, claimed
it was found, and introduced to notice fifty years ago, by Major John Adlum, of George- town, D.C. It has been for many years the standard wine grape of the country, and thou- sands of acres have been planted with it; but owing to its uncertainty, on account of the rot, mildew and blight, and its too late ripening in the Eastern and Northern States, (in Oct.) it is now in many sections being discarded and other more reliable kinds are planted instead. In lo- calities where it will fully mature, and where it seems less subject to disease, there are very few better varieties.
We are now convinced that the Phylloxera is the main cause of its diseases. Wherever ex- amined the rootlets of the Catawba were found either covered with lice, producing those now
well-known nodosities, or already dead. Its
roots are evidently not capable of resisting Phylloxera, and yet, unlike European varieties, they make new roots, and in favorable seasons resume their former vigor for one summer, un- til they are sapped again at the foundation.
In Missouri it did better in 1868 and 1874 than since 1857, owing probably to the character of the seasons, and comparative immunity from Phylloxera. Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered ; berries above medium, round, deep red, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately thick ; flesh slightly palpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous and somewhat musky flavor. Vine a Vigorous grower; in favorable seasons and lo- calities very productive. Clay shale soil, also gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted.
g I the naturally strong growth of the vine, when in a perfectly healthy state, with a texture below average hardness; thick liber, and not inclined to push young fi- bers as rapidly as other varieties ; canes straight and long, with few laterals; wood of average hardness, with a pith a little more than the ay- erage size. Must ranged from 86° to 91° by (chsle’s scale; by Twitchell’s scale, 2.02 lbs. sugar per gallon of must; acid 12 to 13; at Ham- |
mdport, at an examination conducted under the auspices of several prominent pomologists, Oct. 12, 1870, only 7.29 per mill. The Catawba has quite a number of SEED- tines; of Jona and Diana, its two best, and of
Anna, Hine, Mottled, &c., we give de- scriptions in their alphabetic order; but some are actually the same as Catawba, and only pretended seedlings, to sell under a new name; others are so nearly identical as not to require description. To this class belong: to be an early Catawba,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. . 41
Kellers’ White, Meads’ a
ercer'
pean Catawba of Hermann, very large in bunch ae ged but otherwise inferior to the
Omega, caida in n 1867 at Indiana State Fair
not heard of since, —o. the same as Fancher a Missouri saniditaahi of Catawba, said
‘ be more healthy,
White Catawba, raised by Mr. John E. Mottier and ——— by himself as inferior to
its pare Cassady. br.) i coat in the yard of H.P. Cassady, paranebg ance seed- ling. Bunch medium, very biti! sometimes
shouldered; ber7y medium, round, pale green, covered with white bloom; when very ripe its color changes to light yellow; skin thick and leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar honeyed sweetness which no other grape possesses in the
same degree. Ripens with the Cataw
that nearly every fruit bud will branches, with from three to five bunches each.
bua thus over 4 rea for several seasons, the leaves drop prematurely and the fruit will not ripen. Its root, like that of the Catawba, is feeble and not sufficiently re- sistive to Phylloxera.
This grape will flourish best on a north-east-
C su trial with — Cassady. Perhaps, also, for sandy river botto
fic anne of must, 80° to 96°. Wine of a beautiful golden color, of a good body and de- lightful aroma. The ‘‘Arrott” resembles this grape very much, but is not as good.
Catawissa, See Creveling.
Challenge. Supposed cross between Con- ; ry early; short, com- pact bunches, shouldered; large, round berries, pale red, with flesh slightly pulpy; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy wood and leaf; prolific and promising; said to be an excellent dessert wine and raisin grape.
Champion, or Early a gal A new, extra early grape, and according to Dr. Swasey’s testi y (Am. Pom. Soc. 1873, page 66,) one of the best in culti- vation. It originated in New been a (by Mr, A. W. Round- tree). Bunch um; berry also, black, with a hand-
some em slightly oval in abelian ioe thin skinned; soft and m eo Ives an ens ten to fifteen dave earlier than egg siesganie we nee neon nye shipping quali- us grower; foliage heavy and Saath: tie oi: We hall try to obtain this grape, for testing as to its adapta-
bility to our latitude &., aes ers.
e Tolman’ s seedling ts sald nh ra alse been sent out by some dealers msc the name of Champion, asa new and gees: — but if so, such abuse cannot establish
Charlotte. Identical with Diana.
Charter Oak, (Zabr.) A very large, coarse, na- tive Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which makes its appearance as a ttractive as its musky flavor is smal:
et. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Beer QO. Bunch and berry medium; claret red; acid; vine vigorous; not visable Down,
Clara. Suppose be fro
very fine for the ta- ble; somewhat like llen’s Hybri
rior varietiesscarcely entitled to a place in amateur collections. Nevertheless we hear
parently insect-proof
in the midst of badly pinay vines, (Inthe Mnkyerd of f M. Borty, at Roque-
re.) We are inclined to botter€ the name is inooe
'T'}, to
eho wie of natural size, (one -half diameter). Clover Street Black. A Hybrid raised by Jacob
eore, from spite crossed by ee eis Bunches large, compact, shouldered ; large, roundish, black, with a dark violet bioonk: toch wader, swee > is > 3 S with Coneord. — Hovey’ s Mag.
42 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Clover Street Red, Same origin as the preced- occasionall
top; berries large, roundish oval, ¢ ripe, with a slight Diana flavor; vine a strong grower; ripens with Diana.—
Clinton. Syn. Worrsineton. (Cord.) Strong says that in the year 1821, Hon. Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N. sis planted a seedling vine in the grounds o f. Noyes, on College Hill, which is still lances and is the original Clinton. Bunches medium or small, compact, not shouldered; berry round, below medium size, black, with a blue bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with little pulp, brisk and vinous; somewhat acid; sweeter the further south it grows; colors early, but should hang late (until after the first frost) to become thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy and produc- tive; healthy, but an exceedingly rank, strag- gling grower, and one of the hardest vines to keep under control; it requires a good deal of room and spur pruning on old wood to bring forth its best results. Being one of the first to bloom in spring, it suffers sometimes from late fros
“The best poor land geet that is known 'annon, bea Sc Ghrolina.
The leaf of the Clinton is in quite infested by the gall-louse, (the Galleecola form of the Phylloxera) but its root enjoys a re- markable immunity from the puncture of this dreaded insect. The root-lice are found thereon but usually in small numbers, and the vine does not in the least suffer therefrom, while European vines by their side are quite destroyed.
Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, witha hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers, or spongioles, and though much infested by the Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes rather slender, but long and rambling, with a full complement of laterals and strong tendrils. Wood rather soft and with a large pith.
Makes a fair, dark red wine, of somewhat dis- agreeable taste, resembling claret, which im- proves with age; must, 93° to 98° and sometimes excee 100°.
Columbia. This grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adium on his farm at Georgetown, D. C vigorous grower, productive; bunch small act; berry small, blac thin bloom, with very ke hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but pleasant and vinous; ripe last of September.—. er
Concord. (ZLabr.) Popularly known as ‘*the grape for the million; ” — with E. W. Bail, Concord,
Bunch |.
large, shouldered, rather compact; berries large, globular, black, thickly covered with a beauti- ful blue bloom; skin thin, cracks easy; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender; colors about two weeks before the Catawba, but should be allowed to hang late, to develop all its excellence. Roots numerous, stout, above average hardness in texture, with medium liber, readily pushing new fibers under the attacks of Phylloxera. One of the best resistants among the Labrusca class, and valuable on this account as a stock to graft
Vines very strong, rampant growers; coarse, strong foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath; proved very hardy and healthy, and is im- mensely productive. In some localities, how- ever, often subject to rot on old vines. Its beautiful appearance makes it one of the most attractive market grapes, and although its qual- ity is not first rate, the popular taste has become so used to this variety that it sells better than superior grapes of less attractive appearance. More vines of this variety were planted during the last decade than of all other varieties to- gether
The Goucora makes a light red wine, which is effectually becoming the laboring man’s drink; can be produced cheap enough, is very palata- ble, and has a peculiar refreshing effect upon the system. A white wine may also be made of it by pressing the grapes without mashing them. Specific gravity of must about 70°.
The hardiness, productiveness and popularity of the Concord induced many attempts to raise seedlings therefrom, with a view to further im- provements, but so far with no marked success.
known, except to their originators, and are probably not sufficiently distinct, nor superior to their paren!
The Black Hawk and Cottage are only earlier.
Main grape was claimed to be earlier,
but proved to be a Concord only under another name.
The Modena, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
The Paxton, by F.F. Merceron, of Catawissa, ls
Worden’s Seedling, by S. Worden, Minetta, Nuk,
Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., quite resemble Concord. They are not propagated.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
43
By these experiments it was found that the
‘oncord shows a strong tendency to produce white seedlings, of which Martha was the earli- est, and became one of the leading varieties.
d Macedonia, both raised by Sam. Miller from Concord seed, were similar, but not superior to Martha, and therefore abandoned by him.
Golden Concord, by John Valle, of New Haven, Mo., is also so nearly identical with Martha that we do not think it deserves propa- gation as a distinct variety..
F. Muench, F. J. Apsara . Balsiger and many others have raised w Concord seedlings; some of these may prove < superior to Martha, (one especially, Balsiger’s No. 32, has hardly any foxiness about it; its must weigh- ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our latitude, and hanging firmly to the vine in good condition till October.) If on longer trial any of them prove so superior, then, and only then, will they be named and disseminated.
The Lady (see description,) is claimed to be an improvement on the Martha, and is recom- mended as such by good authority.
reater improvements, however, have been achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Euro-
health and productiveness is generally doubted. (See ‘* Hybrids,” in Manual.)
Concord Chasselas. A Concord Hybrid from Concord seed; by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, O., who describes it as follows:
“Bunch rather long, usually shouldered, handsomely compact, without being crowded;
ies large, round; skin very thin but tena- cious, and semi-transparent; seeds few and very small; color, when fully ripe, a rich amber with thin white bloom, almost identical in appear- ance with the foreign Golden Chasselas; flesh perfectly tender and melting, just enough vinous acid to prevent cloying the most delicate palate. Wholly free from any vestige of foxiness, and a grape that will satisfy the most fastidious taste, formed upon the foreign standard ; ear same time as the Concord. The vine is very vi in growth; large foliage, thick and inate mildew in fully locations here, as well as the Concord; and will prob- bably succeed in all regions where the Amer- ican grape can be successfully and profitably grown,
Cottage. (ZLabr.) A seedling of the Concord raised by E. W. Bull, the ipa of that va- riety. A strong, vigorous grow with re- markably large and leathery sata ead abund- ant, strong, branching roots; bunch and ber- ries about the size of Concord, but of a some- what darker shade; ripens before Concord; quality better than the parent, with less of the foxiness peculiar to the other. Promises well as a resistant to Phylloxera.
Mr. Bull tive grapes, began by so
in his successful efforts to improve our na- wing the seeds of a wild grape
In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of thie Con-
rd, he obtained seedli and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera). There seems to be no reasonable doubt that, as Mr. Bull thinks, i wild grape can, in a few generations, be made equal i aged to the European vine.—JU. 8. Agr. Report for
Cowan, or McCowan. (Cord.) Bunch and berry medium; pra rather harsh and austere. Not desira- ble.—Downz
Creveling. Syn. Catawissa, BLoom, Co- LuMBIA County. (Labr.) Pennsylvania.— Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on old ones sometimes as compact as Concords; berries medium to large, slightly oval, black, with blue bloom; flesh tender, juicy and sweet; quality best; ripens early, a few days later than Hart- ford, and before Concord. Vine a fair grower, healthy and hardy; may be planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern and northeastern hillsides. Roots thick and warty, and comparatively few; texture soft, with a thick liber, forming young fibers rather slowly; canes long and rambling, slender, long jointed, and with few laterals; wood soft, of a reddish color, with a large pith.
In all these characteristics there is not a trace of the stivalis, for which class some would claim the Creveling.
This grape was for atime rapidly growing in favor, but has not deserved it, as it is often very unproductive, setting its fruit imperfectly. In favorable seasons $7 on good, well worked, tolerably rich s at t gives a remunerative, early and delicious table fruit. No garden or amateur collection should be without it.
Mr. Husmann says it makes an exquisite claret wine, intermediate between the Concord and Nortons in body, and superior in flavor to either. Must, 88°.
i BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Concord Muscat. Also grown from Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, O., who gives the following de- scription of it: ‘‘ Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries very large, oval; skin thin, rather opaque; seeds few and small; color light, greenish white with delicate bloom; fiesh entirely tender and melting, with no pulp or as- { tringency next the seeds; flavor rich, == sugary, slightly sub-acid, with the ' liar high flavor which is the distinguishing charm and excellence of the foreign Mus- cats and Frontignans. There are really few grapes among the most admired for- eign kinds which equal this — in pure flavor and high quality. Vine v
n Eumelan, Delaware, Clinton, or Roger’s Hybrids; but not equal to Con- cord.”
Cornucopia. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 2.) <A seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. Vine much resembling the Clinton in appearance, but superior in size of berry and bunch, and greatly superior in flavor; a healthy grape and a great bearer. The Paris Horticultural Society reported on it as follows: “This is undoubtedly one of the best grapes in the whole collection of Mr. Arnold’s Hy- brid grapes; a very promising grape.” Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; berry above medium size, black, with a beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very sprightly, and pleasant; skin thin; seeds large, bearing nearly the same proportion to size of berry as inClinton. Flesh melt- ing, with very little pulp if any: seems to burst in the mouth; all juice, with a little acid and astringency; ripens with Con- cord. market grape, and “a good keeper.” Adso valuable for wine, but with us not as good as Canada.
Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. Asher Moore, N. J. A cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Early; bunches long, loose, shouldered; berries medium, glossy black, with a bloom; flesh slightly pulpy, j juicy, sweet. Vine a free grower, hardy, healthy and prolific.
Cuyahoga. Syn. WEMPLE. (Labr.) seedling found and grown by —— se silhdian Cuyahoga Co.,O. Vine a strong grower, requires a
ce | Years, it obtained prizes at the N
CORNUCOPIA. | warm, sandy soil and exposure to make it desirable at ie North, but when well grown it is o
m, dull, greenish amber when fully ripe; grr ee ha rich a sweet. Ripens with the Catawba, or a little later
Croton. Hybrid cross Noten Delaware
its first fruit in 1865. In and following » Penn- sylvania and Massachusetts Herticultesal Soci- eties, and other grape exhibitions, attracting
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 45
THE CROTON GRAPE.
marked attention. F. R. Elliot, formerly of Cleveland, O., says: ‘‘ The Croton is among the white or green sorts, what the Delaware is _ among the reds.”
Bunch often 8 to 9 inches Jong, moderately ; the shoulder often
frequently winged; berries of medium size, of light, yellowish green color, translucent, and remarkably delicate in appearance; flesh melt- ing and sweet throughout; quality best with much of the flavor and character of the Chasse- las; ripens early. Some very prominent pomo- ologists say it is one of the best hardy grapes they have tasted and report the vine as hardy, vigorous and Our own experience
is, so far, not as favorable; with us it seems rather tender, a weak grower, with a tendency to mildew and rot.
We cannot recommend it for general cultiva- tion, but only as a novel and valuable amateur fruit.
Cunningham. Syn. Lone. (@st.) A eam grape, teionging to the same class as t mont; it originated in the garden of Mr. J sia Cunningham, Prince Edward county, Va. Dr. D. N. Norton, a prominent agricultur- alist, the same who first eultivated and intro- duced to notice our invaluable Norton’s Virginia grape, made wine a the Cunni 1855, and furnished the Elder Prince, of
46 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE.
Flushing, Long Island, the stock which was the base from which this grape has been dissemi-
with poor, light limestone soils in this latitude and FURTHER souTH. Bunch very compact and heavy, medium, often, not always, shouldered;
berries small, brownish black , juicy and vinous;
vine a stiong grower, HEALTHY and productive; to be so it needs, however, spur pruning on laterals and slight winter protection. Roots of medium thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, tough, with a smooth, hard liber, on which the Phylloxera has but little influence, even though they may be numerous on the young spongioles; one of the best resistants to the insect. Canes
not numerous, but very stout and vigorous, - ten attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet ino
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 47
STUDLEY & CO.
THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE.
season; laterals an a goe! complement, and well dev veloped; wood har ith a medium sized pith, anda ied: thick outer “bys adher: ing closely even on the ripe wood, a characters tic common to all the stivalis ere . Ripen its fruit Zate, and makes one o ost aro- matic and ee sii wines, of tack yellow color. Must 9 112°.
a 2 n. Rep River. (dst.) Received by Husmann in 1858, from William R.
Prince, Flushing, Long Island, New York. Or- igin, Arkansas, where it was, probably, found ~
eeter. Bunch of medium cones: shouldered ; with
size, moderately co below und, black,
medium, ro
48 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
sweet, spicy, moderately juicy. Juice very dark
red, weighs very heavy on the must scale, even higher than Norton’s Lirias and makes, so far, ow t red wine. It has as much body as Norton’s Virginia, is of estos apy much more delicate than Norton’s, and can safely en- ter the lists with the choicest Burgundy wines. The Norton’s, however, seem to possess medi- cinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, productive, as sure in its crops of well ripened fruit here, as any variety we know; but very difficult to propa-
te, as its wood is very hard with a small pith and closely adhering outer bark. Since it bore its first crop, in 1859, we have never seen a rot- ten berry on it. The fruit ripens some few days earlier than Norton’s and Catawba. Specific gravity of must, from 98° to 118° according to the season. While we can confidently recom- mend the true Cynthiana as the gra or red wine which we have tried, we must at the same time caution the public against spurious vines, which have been sent out under that name.
We copy the above description partly from e also obtained our
F
“Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us of old Roussillon wine.” t says the same of Cynthiana exhibited by Poeschel & Scherer. Mr. Nuesch, of Dr. Law- rence’s Ouachita vineyard, near "Hot Spring, Ark., who got his plants from us, says: ‘‘ We find the Cynthiana hardier than the Norton and a few days earlier in ripening.” The juice of the Cynthiana surpasses that of the Norton’s in y about 10° on Oechsle’s scale, Mr. Muench writes us: “‘ Too much cannot be said in praise of the Cyn- thiana; its wine, two or three years old, cannot be excelled by the best red wines of the old world.” We look upon it as our BEST AND MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have bestowed the best care and special attention on its propagation, so that we can now offer relia- ble, number one plants, with strong, insect roof, healthy roots, of this variety, to our customers, at a comparatively very moderate price.
i.
Dana. A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Rox- bury, Mass., and described in the “‘M assachu setts Hor- ticultural Traiianetions. ee
from pulp as Delaware; not =
iste but more spirited and vinous, yet not acid. f Septemb
Detroit. (Zabr ?) This variety is supposed to be copy from description in the Horticulturalist. Vine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba; wood short ars ted; bunches large, compact; very dark, rich wn claret, with a light bloom, round and regular.
Fieah with very little — rich and sugary. Ripens
earlier than the Cata
Devereux
pee -) Syn. Brack Juty,
as where this grape will succeed it is one of our
very best wine grapes, pro
of exquisite flavor. It is somewhat subject to mildew, very tender, uires covering in the winter. North of Missouri it should not be tried, but here it succeeds > erat on saa! ern slopes, in very favorable seasons, and o southern grape growers, especially, cok sha some of it. Bunch very long, loose, shouldered; berry black, below medium, round; flesh juicy, without pulp, and vinous; quality best; vine a strong grower and very productive, when free fi je
ducing a white wine
Diana Hambu A new variety, said to be a cross cea the lass and Black Hamburg, origi- nated by Mr. Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. a bunches generally large, sufficiently c
% ° m
e€ nd rohed in; subject to mildew. Its fruit Bee after
well aes that at
? several crosses este the foreign Black the Diana. Ours is m J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., but it proved peor
grow the Black Hamburg im open air, should be given up, at least we have done so. Don Juan, one of ney chpcgeons: seedlings, mi like = stone Tona. better than any known fet oi soa the size in berry of Rog a larger and et bunch; the flesh is vinous, ms and sparkling.’’ (See our Remarks on Rickett’s Seedlings.)
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 49
Delaware. Origin unknown. It ¢ was found many years since in the gar- - ' den of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hunterdon Co., N.J., who had immi- grated from Switzerland, and brought with him many varieties of foreign grapes, which he cultivated in his gar- den. It was first known as the “ Italian Wine Grape,” then it was supposed to be the ‘‘ Red Traminer,” or a seedling from this variety. We have strong rea- sons to believe ita Hybrid between the V. Labrusca and Vitis Vinifera.
This variety, first brought to notice by A. Thompson, Delaware, Ohio, is con- sidered to be one of the best, if not the best of all American grapes. Unfortu- nately it does not, from various causes, succeed well in all localities; it should be planted here in deep, rich soil, open and well drained, on northeast and east- ern slopes, and requires good cultivation and pruning to short laterals. Its Roots are slender, and not inclined to branch out much; of medium'‘toughness, with a rather soft liber. Canes proportionate, in length and thickness, with an average number of laterals. Wood hard, witha small pith. It isa slow grower. vines may well be planted to the acre, five six feet being a sufficient dis- tance. Some experiments have lately been made in grafting and inarching the Delaware on the Concord and Clinton stocks, which proved successful. (See “Grafting,” in Manual.) The Delaware is exceedingly hardy, enduring the se- verest wi j i
-duction of a fine white wine; in other locali- ties, however, it has been found subject to mil- dew, or leaf blight, and this tendency is great-
mitted. It is very sensitive to Phylloxera. Bunch small to medium, compact; the clusters usually shouldered; berries below medium,
round; skin thin, but —— pulp sweet and tender; juice abundant, , vinous and sugary, sprightly and edieohion color & beau-
tifal light: red or purplish maroon, covered with a bloom, and very translucent. It is without harshness or acidity in its pulp, ex-
DELAW ARE.
fre es sweet, but sprightly, vinous and Ripens early, about eight days later thie: Maer Prolific. Quality best, for the table as well as - wine. Must 100°—118°. Acid 5 to 6 per ** The must es this grape is generally so rich, and the proportion so evenly balanced, that it will make a first class wine, of great body and fine flavor, without manipulation or addition.” —Husmann, U. 8S. Report of Agriculture, 1867. Seedlings from Delaware and its crosses with other varieties are but little known, though in- numerable attempts have been made to raise them. The expectation to produce therefrom a
-
a
50 ; BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
grape of superior value, larger only in size of bunch and berries, yet of the quality of the Del- aware, was, and probably ever will be, doomed to disappointment. All its seedlings show more or less of
origin, in part, from this species ; although many eminent Horticulturists and Botanists class the Dela- ware with #stivalis, (others with Riparia). It is true that the Delaware leaf seems more pa songs to ist. ; its wood is harder, m
diffi propagate, and the tendrils are fe
DIANA.
continuous, (nor are they regularly intermit- tent); but we find a remarkable parallel case in ‘‘ Sheppard’s Delaware,” raised from seed of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1853, from whom Charles Downing received it, with its history, and says: ‘“‘ The vine and fruit are similar in all respects to Delaware.” The ‘‘ White Dela- ware,” a new variety, raised by G. W. Camp-
bell from seed of Delaware, ae large, _
raised by Hi. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same characteristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor.
Diana. (Zabr.) A — of Catawba, raised b . Di
riety of grape in cultivation in regard to which there is a greater diversity of opinion, and its vari- ableness fully warrants all that is said about i
ence is often observable in the same ee and from no ap- parent ca
The Fd seems to do best in
UNC ium, very compact, occasionally shouldered; berries
® Zz = “ ° S io
ad yy = es fae — © rs & > om.
r that is very strong until the fruit is fully ripe, and then often offen- sive to some tastes. Colors its fruit early, but does not really mature much earlier than the Ca- tawba. Vine a vigorous grower, requiring much room and long pruning, and increases in pro- ductiveness and good quality, as
heavy and long, with few “sme and a very large pith. It is not as productive, nor quite as large in bunch and berry as its parent,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. — 51
but some think it superior in quality, and it has usually suffered less from rot. Its berries hold well, and its thick skin enables it to withstand changes of temperature better; hence the Diana improves by being left upon the vine until after pretty severe frost. As a variety for packing and keeping, it hasno superior. astern grape growers claim it to be valuable also for wine. ge 88 to 90°; acid 12.
—s or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob- liad by Jas. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., from the Croton fertilized by Black Hamburgh. ‘+ Psion large, sometimes shouldered; berries large, slightly oval, nearly black with light bloom, flesh tender, breaking somewhat like the foreign sorts ; in flavor it is first rate, being sweet, with just enough sprightli- ness to pins uae the palate.’’—Fuller
is said to be a vigorous sombre with healthy
foliage. ae parents paieas the reve Dracut Amber. (Zabdr.) Graiied by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vig- orous. Regarded by us as but a slightly im- proved wild fox grape; very early and produc- tive; bunch large and long, compact, often shouldered ; berries large, round; skin thick, of pale red color, pulpy and foxy; too foxy for our
n new varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if any better, are continually introduced. (8S hie Re g rly Hi nm, (?) an early, round, black gs
of little villas peed as a curiosity, inasmuch as som of the berries contain no seed.— ing.
Elsinburgh. Syn. Evsrysoro, Smart’s Ex- SINBOROUGH. (4st.) Supposed to have orig- inated in Elsinburgh, Salem county, N. J. An excellent amateur grape, of fine quality; ripens early. Bunches medium to large, rather loose,
without